Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

What is the process of pharmackinetics pk ?

Answer 1

1- Absorption
2-Distribution
3-Metabolism
4-Excretion

Question 2

What is the process of Pharmacodynamics PD ?

Answer 2

Drug action and mechanism

Question 3

Transfer of drugs from their site to administration to the systemic circulation ? 3

Answer 3

Absorption

Question 4

Aspirin are more unionized in alkaline and more ionized in acid media ? ✔️✖️p.g5

Answer 4

✖️ unionized in acid and ionized in alkaline

Question 5

The fraction (%) of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form.?

Answer 5

Bioavailability

Question 6

Bioavailability is 100% in rote is ?

Answer 6

I.v intravenous

Question 7

time from starting till ending of the therapeutic effect or time above the minimum effective concentration (MEC) ?

Answer 7

Duration of action

Question 8

Ephedrine are more unionized in acid and more ionized in alkaline media ? ✔️✖️p.g 6

Answer 8

✖️more unionized in alkaline and ionized in acid media

Question 9

When drugs are present in a reverse medium it will be :

Answer 9

→ Ionized → not lipid soluble → not
absorbed → Excreted.

Question 10

Aspirin is better absorbed in acid medium in ?

Answer 10

Stomach

Question 11

Ephedrine is better absorbed in alkaline medium

Answer 11

Intestine

Question 12

Alkalinization of urine by :

Answer 12

Sodium acetate or citrate ⬆️­ its urinary excretion.

Question 13

Acidification of urine by ? P.g7

Answer 13

Ammonium chloride ⬆️ its urinary excretion

Question 14

Time of administration of drug till starting of therapeutic affect or from administration till reaching minimum effective concentration (MEC) ?

Answer 14

Onset time

Question 15

Concentration above MEC but below MTC is ?

Answer 15

Therapeutic range

Question 16

Is a function of consentration and time that describes total body exposure to drug ?

Answer 16

Area under curve AUC

Question 17

Time required for the concentration of drug in the body to be reduced by one half ?

Answer 17

Half life 1/2

Question 18

Routes of Drug Administration:

Answer 18

1- Oral
2-Sublingual
3-Transdermal
4-Rectal
5-Parental
6-Pulmonary
7-Topical

Question 19

Advantages of Oral Route ?

Answer 19

Safe -easy - economic

Question 20

Disadvantage of oral route ?

Answer 20

1-Not in emergency ➡️Delayed onset
2-Not in uncooperative patient e.g coma ,insane , very young .
3-Not in sever vomiting or diarrhea
4-Not in very irritant drugs e.g Emetine HCL
5-Not in unabsorbed drugs when systemic effect is wanted
6-Not for drugs with extensive First pass effect(metabolism)
-Ph changes : Benzyl penicillin
-Digestive enzymes : Insulin
-Hepatic enzymes : Nitroglycerin

Question 21

Example of Extensive Hepatic First Pass Effect is ?

Answer 21

Nitroglycerine , Lidocaine&Natural sex hormones

Question 22

Example of Minimal Hepatic First Pass Effect is ?

Answer 22

Atenolol & Nadolol

Question 23

Example of Partial Hepatic First Pass Effect is ? مهم

Answer 23

Propranolol & Morphine

Question 24

How to OVERCOME Hepatic First Pass Metabolism in partial and minimal ?

Answer 24

Increase the oral dose of the drugs e.g Morphine & proprnolol

Question 25

How to OVERCOME Hepatic First Pass Metabolism in Extensive ?

Answer 25

Use others routes (not oral) e.g Sublingual “Nitroglycerine”

Question 26

Pellet its mean ?

Answer 26

Sublingual

Question 27

In example of Sublingual route is ?

Answer 27

Nitroglycerine

Question 28

An advantages of sublingual?

Answer 28

1- Easy
2- Escape gut and hepatic first pass effect➡️good bioavailability
3-Rapid onset
4- Proper control does by either spitting or swallowing excess of the drug .

Question 29

In example drugs of Solid (Suppository) ?

Answer 29

Aminophylline – paracetamol - diclophenac

Question 30

Fluid (Enema): a- Evacuant (Cleansing) enema e.g is ?

Answer 30

Constipation

Question 31

Fluid (Enema):Retention enema e.g. is ?

Answer 31

Nutrient

Question 32

In advantages of Rectal is ?

Answer 32

a- Escape gut & hepatic first pass effects
b- Useful in patients with vomiting but not with diarrhea
c- Useful in uncooperative patients e.g. coma or baby’s
d- Useful in( mild )irritant drugs e.g. aminophylline

Question 33

Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation: Long duration in e.g. of some hormones is ?

Answer 33

Contraceptives

Question 34

Intradermal Injection (I.D.): e.g. is ?

Answer 34

Sensitivity tests & Vaccinations.

Question 35

Subcutaneous Injection (S.C.): 1-Drugs should be:

Answer 35

Non-irritant to avoid inflammation.& - Aqueous Solution or fine suspension Ex. Insulin. - Volume less than 1 ml

Question 36

Intramuscular (I.M.): Drugs can be:

Answer 36

Sterile Solution, suspension, oily, non-irritant or mild irritant.
-Volume should not be more than 5-10 ml

Question 37

Intravenous (I.V.) Either ……? bolus injection or …..? method.

Answer 37

Slow - Infusion

Question 38

Intravenous it can be oily and water solution? ✖️✔️

Answer 38

✖️ only water

Question 39

Advantages of intravenous is ?

Answer 39

Useful in ( Emergencies )
a- 100% bioavailability
b- Immediate onset
c- High plasma concentration
d- Useful for Irritant & Large volume drugs

Question 40

Disadvantages of intravenous is ?

Answer 40

MOST DANGEROUS ROUTE
a- If Allergy ➡️Anaphylactic shock
b- If Very Irritant ➡️Thrombophlebitis
c- Pyrogenic reaction by phospho-lipo-protein of microorganisms

Question 41

Inhaled drugs may be in the form of ?

Answer 41

Gas - vapor - Solution/powder
⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️
O2&N2O Halothane ( general anesthesia) Salbutamol (B2-agonistin Bronchial asthma)⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬇️😏

Question 42

Drugs concentrated more at tissues have large Volume distribution? ✔️✖️

Answer 42

✔️ e.g. is (Digoxin )and are difficult to be excreted in urine

Question 43

Drugs concentrated mainly in blood have large Volume distribution ? ✔️✖️

Answer 43

✖️Low e.g. is Warfarin