Pharmacokinetics Flashcards
List the routes of administration of a drug
1) absorption
2) distribution
3) metabolism (biotransformation)
4) elimination
(ADME)
The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood
Absorption
Term that describes how once in the blood, the drug moves to various parts of the body
Distribution
Term used for when the drug is converted to a form that is more readily eliminated
Metabolism (biotransformation)
Metabolism or excretion of the drug from the body
Elimination
When does the drug move from pharmacokinetics to pharmacodynamics
When the drug reaches it’s site of action and when it starts showing an effect because it starts binding to receptors
What route of administration is convenient, but slower and less complete than parenteral (around the GI tract) forms?
Oral
What are ingested drugs subject to?
First-pass effect (portal circulation)
What is the first-pass effect?
Blood from the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs; during the first pass through the liver, some or nearly all of a drug can be metabolized to an inactive or less active derivative; as a result, some drugs are useless when given orally
What does it mean for a drug to be parenteral?
Around the GI tract (ex: IV)
What is the difference between oral administration and IV administration when it comes to over-dosing?
Oral: have time to combat it b/c it has to make it through the system first
IV: don’t have time to combat it
What part of the body is the major site of absorption following oral administration? Why?
Intestines because they have a lot of surface area
What route of administration means in the pouch between the cheek and gums, and permits direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation (can be fast or slow)
Buccal
What route of administration is under the tongue and permits direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation?
Sublingual
What is an example of a sublingual route of administration?
Nitroglycerin for angina
What route of administration is good for a patient who is nauseous or vomiting, and is formulated as a suppository?
Rectal
What route of administration is often faster with absorption and more complete than with oral, and can be given in large volume?
Intramuscular
What are the compartments in intramuscular absorption?
Compartment 1 = muscle
Compartment 2 = blood
What route of administration offers slower absorption than the intramuscular route due to more vasculature, but large volume doses are feasible
Subcutaneous
What is an example of subcutaneous administration?
Insulin
What route of administration does not involve absorption (bioavailability is 100% = measures how much of your dose got into the blood), and can be dangerous b/c of the high blood levels that are produced if administration is too rapid
Intravenous (IV)
How many compartments are involved with IV?
1 = blood
What route of administration offers delivery closest to the target tissue, providing the most rapid absorption because of the large surface area available?
Inhalation (due to the alveoli)
What route of administration includes any application to the skin or the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, throat, airway, or vagina for LOCAL effect; the rate of absorption is usually slower than any of the other routes
Topical
