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Pharm (repeat) > Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

A dosage regimen includes:

A

dosage
route of admin
frequency
duration of admin

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2
Q

The optimum dosage regimen is described as?

A

effective
nontoxic
w/o prolonged drug residues in tissues of food animals

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3
Q

pharmacokinetic definition

A

the mathematical description of the plasma concentration-time course

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4
Q

the mathematical description of the plasma concentration-time course

A

pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

is the time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax)

A

rate of absorption

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6
Q

rate of absorption is..

A

the time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax)

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7
Q

the extent of absorption is measured by

A

systemic bioavailability (F%)

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8
Q

When you measure systemic bioavailability you are determining the…

A

extent of absorption

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9
Q

what is the fraction of the dose which reaches the systemic circulation intact

A

systemic bioavailability

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10
Q

systemic bioavailability (F%) =

A

AUC extravasc x 100 / AUC IV

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11
Q

AUC stands for

A

area under the plasma concentration-time curve

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12
Q

compartments refers to

A

those tissues and organs for which the rates of uptake and subsequent clearance of a drug are similar

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13
Q

one-compartment model

A

all tissues and organs which the drug penetrates behave as if they were in ready equilibrium with the blood

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14
Q

rate of distribution

A

estimated by the distribution phase half-time (t1/2a) in the two compartment model

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15
Q

extent of distribution

A

measured by the apparent volume of distribution Vd

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16
Q

can be defined as the volume of fluid which would be required to contain the amount of the drug in the body if it were uniformly distributed, and the concentration in that fluid was equal to the concentration in the plasma

A

apparent volume of distribution (Vd)

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17
Q

Vd(L/kg)=

A

amount of drug in body (D) / plasma drug concentration (Cp)

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18
Q

the amount of drug in the body =

A

the dose IV

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19
Q

for IV the Vd(L/kg) =

A

Dose (D) (mg/kg) / Cp (mg/L)

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20
Q

for extravascular the Vd (L/kg) =

A

D (mg/kg) X F% / Cp (mg/L)

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21
Q

When Vd < 1L/kg -

A

the drug has a limited distribution (tends to stay in plasma)

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22
Q

When Vd = 1L/kg -

A

the drug has a wide distribution

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23
Q

When Vd > 1L/kg -

A

the drug has a very wide distribution

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24
Q

elimination is measured by

A

half life or total body clearance

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25
Q

half life is the time required for

A

the body to eliminate 1/2 of the drug it contains

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26
Q

elimination of most drugs follows ____

A

first order kinetics

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27
Q

first order kinetics means

A

the rate of removal of drug from the plasma is proportional to the concentration present at a given time (a constant percent of drug is eliminated per unit time)

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28
Q

which drug in cats follows zero order kinetics

A

aspirin

29
Q

which drug in dogs and horses follows zero order kinetics

A

phenylbutazone

30
Q

If your drug concentration in plasma is 10mg/ml then what is the first half life concentration

A

5mg/ml

31
Q

the half life determines…

A

the rate at which plasma concentration of a drug rises during constant IV infusion to attain a steady-state concentration

32
Q

is the plasma concentration of drug when the maintenance rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of elimination

A

steady-state plasma concentration or plateau (Cp(ss))

33
Q

how many half lives till plasma conc. reaches 93.75%

A

4 half lives

34
Q

about what percent of the steady state concentration is achieved in 3.3 half lives

A

90%

35
Q

a faster rate of infusion does not change the time needed to achieve steady state; what does change

A

the steady state concentration Css, changes

36
Q

the rate of drug elimination from the body, by all routes, relative to the concentration of drug in plasma

A

total body clearance

37
Q

CLB=

A

CLr+ CLnr

38
Q

the volume of plasma cleared of the drug per unit time (mL/min)

A

plasma clearance (CLp)

39
Q

plasma clearance (CLp)=

A

rate of elimination (mg/min) / plasma drug concentration (mg/mL)

40
Q

the rate of elimination (mg/min)=

A

urine flow (mL/min) X concentration of drug in urine (mg/mL)

41
Q

clearance is related to the

A

Vd
T1/2
elimination rate constant (k)

42
Q

CLB=

A

Vd X 0.693 / t1/2

43
Q

the fraction of the drug removed from the perfusing blood by an organ

A

extraction ratio

44
Q

extraction ratio (E) =

A

(CA_)- CV/ CA

45
Q

CA is

A

the concentration of drugs in arterial blood entering the organ

46
Q

CV is

A

the concentration of drug in venous blood leaving the organ

47
Q

Cl organ =

A

Q x E

48
Q

Q is

A

blood flow to the organ

49
Q

E is

A

extraction ratio

50
Q

list 4 examples of drugs that have high hepatic extraction ratio

A

lidocaine
propranolol
diazepam
nitroglycerin

51
Q

dosing rate =

A

clearance X desired steady state

52
Q

the daily dose =

A

dose/min X 60 min per hour X 24 hours

53
Q

loading dose=

A

Vd X desired serum drug concentration

54
Q

adjusted dose for renal disease =

A

normal dose X (patients renal clearance / normal renal clearance)

55
Q

adjusted dose interval for renal disease=

A

normal dose interval X (normal renal clearance/ patients renal clearance)

56
Q

renal clearance is usually estimated by

A

creatinine clearance

57
Q 
which of the following is NOT an age-related factor to consider when dosing a neonate?
A. increased plasma protein binding 
B. increased total body water
C. decreased drug metabolism
D. decreased blood brain barrier
A

Increased plasma protein binding

58
Q 
ruminants have a tolerance to barbiturates is an example of \_\_\_\_
A. cross tolerance 
B. tachyphylaxis
C. natural tolerance 
D. acquired tolerance 
E. down regulation of receptors
A

natural tolerance

59
Q

what two diseases can decrease renal excretion

A

Kidney disease and congestive heart failure

60
Q

which is an example of an undesirable drug interaction?
A. amino glycoside antibiotic + amino glycoside antibiotic
B. chloramphenicol + phenobarbital
C. aminoglycoside AB + muscle relaxant
D. A & C
E. all of the above

A

all above

61
Q

potentiation is a drug to drug interaction where there is ____ of drug effects

A

intensification

62
Q

alteration of distribution is the pharmacokinetic interaction in which…

A

strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins displace weakly bound drugs increasing their effects

63
Q 
which is not a dosing factor to the environment?
A. humidity 
B. atmospheric pressure
C. ambient temp
D. oxygen
A

atmospheric pressure

64
Q

drug reactions that are genetically determined, abnormal, unpredictable and caused by reactive drug metabolites are called…

A

idiosyncratic drug reactions

65
Q

a vet must consider which of the following factors before dosing a geriatric animal?

A

reduction in plasma albumin

66
Q

morphine effects vary by species: T/F?

A

true

67
Q

boxers are sensitive to which drug?

A

phenothiazine

68
Q

chronic phenobarbital therapy can cause hyperactivity in children: T/F?

A

false

69
Q

route of admin can modify what?

A

onset of action

duration of action

Pharm (repeat) (1 decks)

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