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Pharmacognosy: Lecture & Laboratory > Pharmacognosy: History > Flashcards

Pharmacognosy: History Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs, or drug substances of natural origin as
well as the search for new drugs from natural sources.

A

PHARMACOGNOSY

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2
Q

Coined Pharmacognosy

A

J.A. Schmidt

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3
Q

Pollen grains of plants that
are still commonly used as
folk medicine throughout
the world

A
  1. Yarrow
  2. Marshmallow
  3. Grounsel
  4. Centaury
  5. Ephedra
  6. Muscari
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4
Q

PREHISTORIC EVIDENCE

A

Shanidar cave in Iraq

Burial site of Neanderthal

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5
Q

Food gathering-transformed-Food producing economy

A

NEW STONE AGE

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6
Q

Stone was polished, creating tools to clear trees and help farming.

A

NEW STONE AGE

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7
Q

Cultivated and gathered over two
hundred different plants

A

Lake dwellers

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8
Q

Women prepared food and
healing potions – women
generally practiced herbalism
on a day to day basis, as well as
took care of the ills of the
family and tribal unit.

A

NEW STONE AGE

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9
Q

Men compiled the
remedies and wrote them
down.

A

NEW STONE AGE

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10
Q

Iraq

A

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

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11
Q

“The Land Between The Rivers”

A

Tigris River

Euphrates River

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12
Q

Earliest forms of writing

A

Cuneiform writing

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13
Q

Developed first civilization

A

Sumerians

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14
Q

Consists of wedge-shaped patterns pressed into wet mud
tablets with a writing instrument

A

Cuneiform

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15
Q

Writing instrument

A

Stylus

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16
Q

Largest and oldest surviving medical treatise from ancient Mesopotamia

A

Cuneiform

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17
Q

It contains a mixture of several centuries of Mesopotamian medical knowledge of pediatrics, gynecology and convulsive disorders, neurology, skin diseases, fevers and many more, with descriptions of accurately observed symptoms.

A

Cuneiform

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18
Q

Babylonians

A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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19
Q

Provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary

A

Babylonians

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20
Q

Practitioners of healing

A

priest, pharmacist and physician

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21
Q

TWO TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

A

Ashipu

Asu

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22
Q

“sorcerer”, diagnose the ailment

A

Ashipu

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23
Q

“Physician”, specialist in herbal remedies

A

Asu

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24
Q

One of these texts recommends the application of dressing consisting mainly of sesame oil, which acted as antibacterial agent.

A

Law Code of Hammurabi

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25
Ebers Papyrus
Ancient Egypt
26
the most complete medical documents existing with a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs
Ebers Papyrus
27
contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics
Edwin Smith Papyrus
28
oldest, deals with the health of women, including birthing instructions
Kahun Medical Papyrus
29
Father of Pharmacognosy
Pedanius Dioscorides
30
wrote De Materia Medica
Pedanius Dioscorides
31
Volume I
Aromatics
32
Covers aromatic oils, the plants that provide them, and ointments made from them.
Volume I: Aromatics
33
Cardamom
Volume I: Aromatics
34
Nard
Volume I: Aromatics
35
Valerian
Volume I: Aromatics
36
Cassia or Senna
Volume I: Aromatics
37
Cinnamon
Volume I: Aromatics
38
Balm of Gilead
Volume I: Aromatics
39
Hops
Volume I: Aromatics
40
Mastic
Volume I: Aromatics
41
Turpentine
Volume I: Aromatics
42
Pine resin
Volume I: Aromatics
43
Bitumen
Volume I: Aromatics
44
Heather
Volume I: Aromatics
45
Quince
Volume I: Aromatics
46
Apple
Volume I: Aromatics
47
Peach
Volume I: Aromatics
48
Apricot
Volume I: Aromatics
49
Lemon
Volume I: Aromatics
50
Pear
Volume I: Aromatics
51
Medlar
Volume I: Aromatics
52
Plum
Volume I: Aromatics
53
Covers an assortment of topics: animals including sea creatures,dairy produce, vegetables and sharp herbs
Volume II: Animals to herbs
54
Seaurchin
Volume II: Animals to herbs
55
Seahorse
Volume II: Animals to herbs
56
Whelk
Volume II: Animals to herbs
57
Mussel
Volume II: Animals to herbs
58
Crab
Volume II: Animals to herbs
59
Scorpion
Volume II: Animals to herbs
60
Electric Ray
Volume II: Animals to herbs
61
Viper
Volume II: Animals to herbs
62
Cuttlefish
Volume II: Animals to herbs
63
Cereals
Volume II: Animals to herbs
64
Sea kale
Volume II: Animals to herbs
65
Beetroot
Volume II: Animals to herbs
66
Asparagus
Volume II: Animals to herbs
67
Garlic
Volume II: Animals to herbs
68
Leek
Volume II: Animals to herbs
69
Onion
Volume II: Animals to herbs
70
Caper
Volume II: Animals to herbs
71
Mustard
Volume II: Animals to herbs
72
Covers roots, seeds and herbs.
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
73
Rhubarb
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
74
Gentian
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
75
Liquorice
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
76
Caraway
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
77
Cumin
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
78
Parsley
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
79
Lovage
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
80
Fennel
Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs
81
Describes further roots and herbs not covered in Volume III.
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
82
Betony
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
83
Solomon's seal
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
84
Clematis
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
85
Horsetail
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
86
Daffodil
Volume IV: Roots and herbs
87
Covers the grapevine, wine made from it, grapes and raisins; but also strong medicinal potions made by boiling many other plants and various metal compounds.
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
88
Mandrake
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
89
Hellebore
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
90
Zinc oxide
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
91
Verdigris
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
92
Iron oxide
Volume V: Vines, wines and minerals
93
term for the traditional medicine of ancient India
Ayurveda
94
Ayurveda
Ancient India
95
"Ayur”
Life
96
"Veda"
Study
97
“nature doctor”
Hippokrates
98
He utilized simple nature remedies in healing. Example: Vinegar, honey, herbs and hydrotherapy
Hippokrates
99
wrote De Historia Plantarum & De Causis Plantarum
Theophrastus
100
earliest source of Greek medical knowledge and descriptions of ancient Greek
Homer
101
Two epic poems:
ILIAD ODYSSEY
102
Contains more information concerning treatment of injuries
ILIAD
103
Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome
Galen
104
Class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means
galenicals
105
Originator of the formula for a cold cream
Galen
106
Galen’s cold cream has just three main ingredients:
• Rosewater • Olive Oil, or Almond Oil • Beeswax
107
Among the most famous books in the history of medicine
Canon of Medicine
108
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
ARABIAN ERA
109
a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia
Kitab ash – shifa (Book of Healing)
110
Was a famous and influential medical and health center
The School of Salerno in Italy
111
Introduce the Arabian medicine into Europe
Constantine the African
112
Experiments of Cohpon
Constantine the African
113
Regimen Sanitatis Salerni
Constantine the African
114
Gather herbs and simples in the field or raised them in their own herb garden
Monks
115
They prepare it according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured
Monks
116
Gardens such as these still may be found in monasteries
Monastic pharmacy
117
Town physician hat Bern
Otto Brunfels
118
A pastor and naturalist
Otto Brunfels
119
Wrote Herbarum vivae eicones
Otto Brunfels
120
This book changed the nature and quality of botanical illustration. It contains 135 original (i.e.not copied) detailed woodcuts of plants where the image has been taken directly from nature.
Herbarum vivae eicones
121
First to create a system of botany that classified plants into three categories
Hieronymus Bock
122
a system of botany that classified plants into three categories
1. Herbs 2. Shrubs 3. Trees
123
He focused on writing such clear descriptions of plants that even laymen would recognize what he was trying to portray
Hieronymus Bock
124
Developed the prototype of modern phytography – science of plant description
Hieronymus Bock
125
His work is one of the most beautiful books printed with full – page illustrations
Fuchs Leonhart
126
Added 100 plants not mentioned in earlier herbals
Fuchs Leonhart
127
The genus Fuchsia was names in his honor
Fuchs Leonhart
128
Botanist and physician
Pietro Andrea Mattioli
129
Personal physician of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Prague and Austria, Emperor Maximilian II and to the Holy Roman Emperor
Pietro Andrea Mattioli
130
Commentary on Dioscorides’ works
Pietro Andrea Mattioli
131
Developed the first microscope in Holand
Zacharias Jansen
132
Micrographia; discovered plant cells
Robert Hooke
133
Father of Microbiology; invented the first practical microscopes and used them to become the first person to see and describe bacteria and sperm
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
134
discovered the use of Digitalis and published An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses
William Withering
135
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
Gave the world’s opium chief narcotic principle –morphine – and recognize the importance of a new class of organic compounds: alkaloids
136
Emetine – ipecacuanha (1817) Strychnine and brucine – nux vomica (1818) Quinine & cinchonine (Anti-malarial) –cinchona bark (1820)
Joseph Bieniamin Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelleteir
137
Public pharmacies in Europe began to appear in the
17th century
138
The year when pharmacy was separated from medicine in Sicily and southern Italy by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen who was an Emperor of Germany as well as king of Sicily
1240

Pharmacognosy: Lecture & Laboratory (2 decks)

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