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MODULE 2 > Pharmacognosy > Flashcards

Pharmacognosy Flashcards

1
Q

he discovered morphine

A

Friedrich Turner

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2
Q

discovered quinine

A

Pelletier & Caventou

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3
Q

discovered citric acid

A

Scheele

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4
Q

code of Hammurabi

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

a. Babylon

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5
Q

embalming, Papyrus Ebers

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

b. Egypt

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6
Q

De Materia Medica, Pharmaceutical Compounding

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

d. Greece

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7
Q

maceration -> gentle heat

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

c. digestion

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8
Q

soaked in solvent for long periods of time

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

a. maceration

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9
Q

maceration -> cold and hot water

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

b. infusion

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10
Q

maceration -> boiling solvent

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

e. decoction

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11
Q

percolator -> pass through

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

d. percolation

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12
Q

unintentional form of adulteration

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

admixture

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13
Q

intentional form of adulteration

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

sophistication

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14
Q

entire replacement of components

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

substitution

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15
Q

API -> below minimum standards

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

inferiority

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16
Q

impairment of quality during preparation

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

deterioration

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17
Q

deterioration due to microbial growth

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

spoilage

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18
Q

incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

A

dextrin

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19
Q

major deterioration product of starch hydrolysis

A

maltose

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20
Q

intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

A

maltotriose

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21
Q

incomplete acid hydrolysis of starch

A

liquid glucose

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22
Q

gelidium cartilagineum

A

Agar or Japanese isinglass

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23
Q

chrondus crispus

A

Carrageenan or Irish moss

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24
Q

macrocystis pyrifera

A

Algin

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25
Q

furcellaria fastigiata

A

Danish Agar

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26
Q

wood sugar

A

Xylose

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27
Q

sugar in gum Arabic or acacia gum

A

Arabinose

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28
Q

glucose and glucose

A

maltose

alpha-1,,4 glycosidic bond

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29
Q

glucose and fructose

A

sucrose

alpha-1,2 glycosidic bond

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30
Q

galactose and glucose

A

lactose

beta-1,4

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31
Q

aka table sugar

A

sucrose

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32
Q

the official source of sucrose

A

Sugar Cane

Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae

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33
Q

source of Sugar Beets

A

Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae

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34
Q

source of Sugar Maple

A

Acer saccharum, Aceraceae

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35
Q

aka Malt sugar

A

Maltose

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36
Q

a disaccharide that is commonly used as ingredient in energy drinks?

glucose
xylose
sucrose
maltose
lactose

A

maltose

1 Glu = 30-32ATPs; 2 Glu=60-64 ATPs

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37
Q

aka milk sugar

A

Lactose

also a food for Lactobacili

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38
Q

diluent in chewable tablet

A

Mannitol

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39
Q

diluent in regular tablet

A

Lactose

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40
Q

semi-synthetic disaccharide (fru+gal) produced by the alkaline rearrangement of Lactose

A

Lactulose

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41
Q

glucose + glucose that has GB: alpha-1,1

A

Trehalose

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42
Q

glucose + glucose that has GB: alpha-1,4

A

Maltose

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43
Q

glucose + glucose that has GB: beta 1,4

A

Cellobiose

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44
Q

All disaccharides are reducing sugars except

sucrose
maltose
lactose
lactulose
cellobiose
trehalose

A

sucrose

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45
Q

glu-glu-fru

A

Gentianose

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46
Q

gal-glu-fru

A

Raffinose

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47
Q

glu-glu-glu

A

Maltotriose

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48
Q

glu-fru-glu

A

Melezitose

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49
Q

gal-gal-glu-fru

A

Stachyose

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50
Q

most common source of starch

corn
potato
wheat
rice
cassava

A

corn

Zea mays, Poaceae

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51
Q

SN of Potato

A

Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae

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52
Q

SN of Wheat

A

Triticum aestivum, Poaceae

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53
Q

SN of Rice

A

Oryza sativa, Poaceae

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54
Q

SN of Cassava

A

Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae

source of tapioca starch

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55
Q

aka linear starch or helical starch

A

Amylose

alpha-1,4 GB; water soluble; blue color w/ iodine TS; 25%

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56
Q

aka branched starch

A

Amylopectin

alpha-1,4 & 1,6 GB (every 25 glu); H2O insoluble; vioet color w/ iodine

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57
Q

chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules (tablet binder)

Hetastarch
Sodium Starch Glycollate
Pregelatinized Starch
Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

A

Pregelatinized Starch

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58
Q

6% plasma expander

Hetastarch
Sodium Starch Glycollate
Pregelatinized Starch
Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

A

Hetastarch

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59
Q

Antidote for Iodine poisoning

Hetastarch
Sodium Starch Glycollate
Pregelatinized Starch
Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

A

Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

60
Q

used as disintegrant

Hetastarch
Sodium Starch Glycollate
Pregelatinized Starch
Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

A

Sodium Starch Glycollate

61
Q

Blue Dandelion

A

Chicory

Chicorium intybus, Asteraceae

62
Q

Echinaceae angustifolia, Echinaceae

A

Cone flower

use in common flu and colds

63
Q

yields fructose units only when hydrolyzed (Fructosan)

Dextran
Cellulose
Inulin
Starch

A

Inulin

64
Q

the microbial product that undergoes fermentation and produces dextran sucrase or transglucosylase enzyme that synthesizes dextran from sugars?

A

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

65
Q

Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae

A

Cotton

66
Q

agent that removes moisture

Emollient
Demulcent
Desiccant
Humectant
Diluent

A

Desiccant

67
Q

soothes inflamed mucous membranes

Emollient
Demulcent
Desiccant
Humectant
Diluent

A

Demulcent

68
Q

soften the skin

Emollient
Demulcent
Desiccant
Humectant
Diluent

A

Emollient

69
Q

source of Acacia gum

A

Acacia senegal, Fabaceae

Arabin

70
Q

the complex mixture of metals in Arabin often incompatible with other ingredient such as Bismuth causing

insolubility
cementation
change in color
immiscibility
gelatinization

A

cementation

71
Q

the complex mixture of metals in Arabin often incompatible with other ingredient such as Iron-containing causing

insolubility
cementation
change in color
immiscibility
gelatinization

A

gelatinization

72
Q

SN of Tragacanth

A

Astralagus gummifer, Fabaceae

73
Q

a constituent in tragacanth that swells in water but does not dissolve (60-70%)

Bassorin
Tragacanthin

A

Bassorin

30% Tragacanthin- more water soluble

74
Q

the god of waste/feces

A

Sterculius

75
Q

who is the least soluble plant exudate

Acacia
Indian gum
Karaya
Tragacanth

A

Karaya

76
Q

the ingredient in Movicol that is responsible for its laxative effect?

Frangula
Tragacanth
Karaya
Gum Arabic

A

Karaya

77
Q

the ingredient in Movicol that is responsible for its irritant cathartic effect?

Frangula
Tragacanth
Karaya
Gum Arabic

A

Frangula

78
Q

Gum that is characterize by its ‘fetid’ odor

Acacia
Indian gum
Karaya
Tragacanth

A

Karaya

Sterculi urens, Sterculiaceae

79
Q

substitute for acacia that produces dispersions that are more viscous

Gum Arabic
Indian gum
Karaya
Tragacanth

A

Indian gum or Ghatti gum

Anogeissus latifolia, Combretaceae

80
Q

St. Johns Bread

Plantago psyllium
Cydonia vulgaris
Ceratonia siliqua
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae

Locust Bean Gum

81
Q

used as a chocolate substitute

Guaran
Cydonium
Plantago Seed
Locust Bean Gum

A

Locust Bean Gum

82
Q

Cydonium or Quince seed

Plantago psyllium
Cydonia vulgaris
Ceratonia siliqua
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

Cydonia vulgaris

83
Q

Guar or Guaran

Plantago psyllium
Cydonia vulgaris
Ceratonia siliqua
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

84
Q

flour from the seed pods of Locust Bean Gum

A

Carob

85
Q

what specific seed part of Plantago seed is used as bulk cathartic and lubricant cathartic

endosperm
epithelium
husk

A

husk

86
Q

from brown algae used as Tx of Herpes simplex infections

A

Fucoidan

87
Q

from red algae used as bulk laxative and gel in bacteriological culture media

A

Agar or Japanese Isinglass

88
Q

Purified carbohydrate product extracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali

A

Sodium Alginate or Algin

89
Q

from red algae or seaweeds

A

Carrageenan or Irish Moss

90
Q

thickener and non gelling agent of Carrageenan

Kappa
Iota
Lambda

A

Lambda

91
Q

Irish Moss is hydrolyzed to the ff, except:

glucose
galactose
mannose
arabinose
fructose

A

mannose

92
Q

Microbial gum

Agar
Xanthan
Tragacanth
Karaya
Carrageenan

A

Xanthan gum

Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonadaceae

93
Q

purified carbohydrate product obtained from dilute acid extracts of the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace

A

Pectin

94
Q

Acacia

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Plant exudates

95
Q

Guar

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Seed gums

96
Q

Carrageenan

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Marine gums

97
Q

Xanthan

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Microbial gums

98
Q

Quince

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Seed gums

99
Q

Danish agar

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Marine gums

100
Q

St. John;s bread

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Seed gums

101
Q

Sterculia

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Plant exudates

102
Q

Pectin

Plant exudates
Seed gums
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant Extract

A

Plant Extract

103
Q

Sugar portion of glycosides

A

Glycone

104
Q

Non sugar portion of glycosides

A

Aglycone or Genin

105
Q

the aglycone part of Anthraquinone

A

Anthracene (3 benzene rings)

106
Q

plant discovered by Frederick Pursh; has a bitter taste and contains emodin (from dried bark age for 1yr)

A

Rhamnus Purshianus, Rhamnaceae

Sacred Bark or Cascara Sagrada

107
Q

added to Cascara Sagrada to mask its bitter taste

A

MgO

108
Q

purified mixture of anthranol glycosides used as drastic cathartic

A

Casanthranol

109
Q

Frangula aka

A

Buckthorn Bark

con: Frangulin

110
Q

Curacao Aloe

A

Aloe barbadensis, Liliaceae

111
Q

Cape Aloe

A

Aloe ferox+ Aloe Africana, Liliaceaea or
Aloe spicata, Liliaceaea

112
Q

Active glycoside constituent of Aloe

Barbaloin
Chyrsaloin
Emodin
Chrysarobin

A

Barbaloin

113
Q

Chibese rhubarab

A

Rheum officinale, Polygonaceae

114
Q

Indian or Himalayan rhubarb

A

Rheum emodi and
Rheum webbianum, Polygonaceae

115
Q

Alexandria Senna

A

Cassia acutifoli, Fabaceae

116
Q

Tinnerelly Senna

A

Cassia angustifolia, Fabaceae

117
Q

Goa powder

A

Andira araroba, Fabaceae

118
Q

Constituent of Goa powder

Barbaloin
Chyrsaloin
Emodin
Chrysarobin

A

Chrysarobin

119
Q

solvent used to extract Chrysarobin

Acetic acid
Acetone
Ethanol
Hexane
Hot Benzene

A

Hot Benzene

120
Q

the aglycone part of Saponin

A

Sapogenin

121
Q

the toxic aglycone part of Saponin

A

Sapotoxin

122
Q

Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae
Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae

A

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice

123
Q

The best source of steroids (according to US departnebt of agriculture)

Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae

A

Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae

124
Q

50x as sweet as sugar

Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhetic acid
Diosgenin or Botogenin
Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

A

Glycyrrhizin

125
Q

anti-inflammatory agent in dermatologicals

Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhetic acid
Diosgenin or Botogenin
Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

A

Glycyrrhetic acid

126
Q

major precursor of glucocorticoids (i.e. cortisone)

Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhetic acid
Diosgenin or Botogenin
Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

A

Diosgenin or Botogenin

127
Q

Treatment to Addison’s disease (severe glucocorticoid deficiency and) PUD

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice
Dioscorea or Yam
Ginseng

A

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice

128
Q

used as aphrodisiac, adaptogen, and tonic-improve sense of well being

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice
Dioscorea or Yam
Ginseng

A

Ginseng

129
Q

Panax ginseng, Araliaceae

A

Asian or Korean ginseng

130
Q

Panax quinquefolius, Araliaceae

A

Amaerican ginseng

131
Q

product of partial breakdown of amygdalin

A

Prunasin

132
Q

AKA vit B17

A

Laetrile

Tx for Sickle cell anemia and cancer but banned by US FDA

133
Q

Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae variety amara

Bitter almond
Sweet almond

A

Bitter almond

134
Q

Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae variety dulcis

Bitter almond
Sweet almond

A

Sweet almond

135
Q

Almond

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae
Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae
Prunus serotina, Rosaceae
Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

A

Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae

136
Q

Wild cherry

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae
Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae
Prunus serotina, Rosaceae
Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

A

Prunus serotina, Rosaceae

137
Q

Cherry

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae
Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae
Prunus serotina, Rosaceae
Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

A

Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

138
Q

Apricot

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae
Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae
Prunus serotina, Rosaceae
Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

A

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae

139
Q

aglycone source of cardiac glycosides that are more abundant in plants

Cardenolide
Bufadienolide

A

Cardenolide

140
Q

aglycone source of cardiac glycosides that are found in skin of toads and bull frogs

Cardenolide
Bufadienolide

A

Bufadienolide

141
Q

Digitalis lanata, Scrophulariaceae

A

Grecian Foxglove

Digoxin

142
Q

Digitalis purpurea, Scrophulariaceae

A

Foxglove

Digitoxin

143
Q

Lilly of the Valley

A

*Convallarria majalis, Asparagaceae *

Convallariatoxin

144
Q

ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid

A

Coumarin

Tonka Beans- Dipteryx odorata, Fabaceae anticoagulant

145
Q

bishydroxycoumarin

A

Dicumarol

Yellow sweet clover- Melitotus officinalis, Fabaceae anticoagulant

146
Q

Synthethic Dicumaarol

A

Warfarin

Anticoagualamnt

MODULE 2 (2 decks)

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