Pharmacogenomics and Nutrigenomics Flashcards
Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response
Pharmacogenomics
The human genome contains how many genes that encode proteins
20,000
It is the analysis of genomes either through experimentation or data analysis
Genomics
Study of variations in a targeted gene or group for variability in drug response
Pharmacogenetics
4 phases of clinical studies in man
1 - Clinical Pharmacology
2 - Clinical Investigation
3 - Clinical Trials
4 - Post Marketing Clinical trials
Genetics can account for ____% of variability in drug deposition & effects
20-95%
2 Major types of sequence variation
SNPs
Indels
Variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population
SNPs
Less frequent in the genome
Indels
It is a study of what the body does to the drug
Pharmacokinetics
It is a study of what the drug does to the body
Pharmacodynamics
It tells how the drug enters the bloodstream
Absorption
It describes where the drug travels after absorption and how much reached the target site
Distribution
It is also known as Biotransformation which tells how the drug gets broken down in the body
Metabolism
It describes how drugs leave the body
Excretion
(True or False)
If the patient metabolizes drug quickly, the doses needs to be lower to avoid side effects
False
Must be higher to treat them effectively
3 processes that occur in renal excretion
Glomerular filtration
Tubular secretion
Passive reabsorption
If drugs will not be excreted in the kidneys, it can be eliminated by what organ
Liver
These are individuals who have 2 normal genes and metabolize drugs normally
Extensive metabolizer
Intermediate metabolizer have ___ & ___ allele from the same gene and show reduced metabolic activity
1 active
1 non-active
These individuals have multiple copies of active genes
Ultra-rapid metabolizer
These individuals have two-functional genes and metabolize drugs very slowly
Poor metabolizer
Multiple medications in a single patient
Polypharmacy
It means reducing the number of drugs or stopping medication
Deprescribing
It is involved in metabolism and clearance of S warfarin
CYP2C9
It encodes vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme and the target of warfarin
VKORC1
Class of medication called NRTIs and usually used for HIV patients
Abacavir
NRTIs stands for
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
It is used to prevent seizure or convulsions
Anticonvulsants
Anti-psychotic medication
Clozapine
It is a chemotherapeutic agent
5-fluorouracil
This drug blocks the effect of estrogen hormone
Tamoxifen
Most common side effect of Tamoxifen
Hot flushes
It is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia
Dasatinib, Imatinib
2 CCYP 450 enzymes in amplichip
2D6
2C19
(True or False)
RTPCR is one of the earliest genetic markers developed for genetic mapping
False
RFLP
This method is used to reveal genetic code of DNA
Pyro-sequencing
What is the name of Vitamin D2 & D3
D2- ergocalciferol
D3-cholecalciferol
It is also known as egg-white injury factor
Biotin
It is best paired with Vitamin C
Iron
(True or False)
Nutrigenomics is how your genes affect how your body responds to what you eat
False
Nutrigenetics
