Pharmacodynamics - part 2 Flashcards
What are the 4 generalized physiological actions of xenobiotics?
1) Stimulation of physiological processes (if process is not happening enough)
2) Inhibition of physiological processes (if process is happening too much)
3) Replacement of physiological substances
4) (cyto)Toxic / (cyto)Protective
How do most drugs elicit their effects?
By interacting with RECEPTORS (act as receptor ligands).
Some drugs can act directly on DNA, membrane lipids, etc.
The protein receptors that drugs can interact with to elicit their effects are referred to as _________ receptors or _________ ___________ receptors.
Regulatory; Signal transduction
What are the four main types of receptors?
Which ones are membrane receptors? Which ones are intracellular receptors?
Membrane receptors:
1) Ion channels
2) G-protein linked
3) Tyrosine kinases
Intracellular receptors:
4) Nuclear receptors (ligand activated)
Match the following receptors to their brief description:
1) Ion channels
2) G-protein linked
3) Tyrosine kinases
4) Nuclear receptors
A) Agonist binds to the receptor, leading to G-protein activation, which generates a SECOND MESSENGER and activates CELL SIGNALING.
B) Agonist binds to receptor and the complex transports to the nucleus, leading to the ACTIVATION of TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION.
C) Ion (Na+) passes through and leads to the activation of conductance.
D) Agonist binds to the receptor which leads to PHOSPHORYLATION of tyrosines on key signaling molecules, leading to the activation of CELL SIGNALING.
1) Ion channels: Ion (Na+) passes through and leads to the activation of conductance.
2) G-protein linked: Agonist binds to the receptor, leading to G-protein activation, which generates a SECOND MESSENGER and activates CELL SIGNALING.
3) Tyrosine kinases: Agonist binds to the receptor which leads to PHOSPHORYLATION of tyrosines on key signaling molecules, leading to the activation of CELL SIGNALING.
4) Nuclear receptors: Agonist binds to receptor and the complex transports to the nucleus, leading to the ACTIVATION of TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION.
(T/F) Ion channels lead to the fastest effect as all the machinery is in place and the nuclear receptors take months to years.
True!
Effects of altered gene expression take time. However, altering gene expression is rapid!
Xenobiotics usually _________ bind to receptors to initiate a cellular response.
These bonds are _____. Some of the bonds include _________ bonds and ________ bonds. They are often _____phobic.
Binding is often __________; only one enantiomer forms a three point attachment with the receptor.
REVERSIBLY (allows drug to dissociate from receptor when the drug concentration declines)
Weak; Hydrogen; Ionic; HYDROPHOBIC
Stereospecific.
(T/F) Xenobiotics only reversibly bind to the receptors.
False! They can also form permanent covalent bonds with specific receptors.
What is affinity?
The tendency of a xenobiotic to bind/combine with its receptor (how easily + long it stays bound).
It is the PRIMARY DETERMINATE of PD potency.
What is law of mass of action?
Law of mass of action states that number of receptors occupied by a xenobiotic depends on:
1) Drug concentration
2) Drug receptor ASSOCIATION and DISSOCIATION rate constants (k1 and k2)
What is KD?
What does low KD signify? What does high KD signify?
The EQUILIBRIUM DISSOCIATION CONSTANT; K2 (dissociate rate constant) / K1 (association rate constant).
It is the concentration required to saturate 50% of the receptors.
Low KD = greater AFFINITY of the drug for the receptor.
High KD = lower AFFINITY of the drug for the receptor.
(T/F) By looking at the KD value we can also determine the efficacy of a drug.
False! KD doesn’t tell us anything about efficacy.
What happens if you mix a high KD drug with a low KD drug in a 50:50 ratio?
The high KD does not stay bound for a long time, they get replaced with the low KD.
Low KD outcompetes high KD. It occupies more receptors.
Match the following scenarios to their outcomes:
1) Concentration of drug «< KD
2) Concentration of drug»_space;> KD
3) Concentration of drug = KD
A) 100% of receptors occupied (SATURATED)
B) 50% of receptors occupied
C) small number of receptors occupied.
1) Concentration of drug «< KD: small number of receptors occupied.
2) Concentration of drug»_space;> KD: 100% of receptors occupied (SATURATED)
3) Concentration of drug = KD: 50% of receptors occupied
(T/F) The amount of drug bound to a receptor can be calculated by [D]/([D] + KD).
[D] = Concentration of drug
True!
How can a drug with a high KD (low affinity) achieve the same amounts of receptor bound by a drug with low KD (high affinity)?
Compared to a drug with a low KD (high affinity), a high KD (low affinity) needs MORE drug concentration to occupy the same amounts of receptors.
What is efficacy?
The ability of a xenobiotic to initiate a cellular effect.
It is not directly related to receptor affinity.
It varies between molecules that bind to the same receptor.
(T/F) Even if a drug’s affinity is really high to a receptor, it can have a low efficacy.
True!
A drug with a lower affinity can have a higher efficacy.
An agonist has a _______ intrinsic activity, while an antagonist has a ______ intrinsic activity. A reverse agonist has a ______ intrinsic activity.
All must have ________.
Positive; zero; negative
Affinity
*intrinsic activity = efficacy
The greater the occupancy (numbers of receptors occupied by the drug), the ________ the response.
Greater
There can be LINEAR and NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIP between occupancy and response. Briefly describe them.
Linear relationship between occupancy and response: 50% receptor occupancy produces 50% response. One ligand binds to one receptor and produces 1 unit of response. 1:1 ratio.
Non-linear relationship between occupancy and response: 5% receptor occupancy produces 50% response. One ligand binds to one receptor and produces 50000 units of response (can activate multiple proteins). 1:2/3/4… ratio.
What are the different types of agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators (ligands)?
Agonists: full, partial, and inverse
Antagonists: competitive, non-competitive
Allosteric modulators: positive, negative
Agonists bind/occupy receptors and lead to a _________ ______ and receptor _________.
Antagonists bind/occupy receptors and produce NO __________ ________ or a change that does NOT lead to receptor __________.
Conformational change; activation
(T/F) Usually an agonist drug has a higher efficacy than the endogenous molecule.
True!
Match the following agonists to their definitions:
1) Full agonist
2) Partial agonist
3) Inverse agonist
A) Decreases the rate of basal signal transduction that occurs in the absence of a ligand.
B) Produce the MAXIMAL RESPONSE obtainable in a tissue; MAXIMAL EFFICACY. (occupies 100% of the receptors)
C) Produce a SUBMAXIMAL RESPONSE. (occupies 1-99% of the receptors)
Full agonist: Produce the MAXIMAL RESPONSE obtainable in a tissue; MAXIMAL EFFICACY. (occupies 100% of the receptors; 100% of response)
2) Partial agonist: Produce a SUBMAXIMAL RESPONSE. (occupies 1-99% of the receptors; 1-99% of response)
3) Inverse agonist: Decreases the rate of basal signal transduction that occurs in the absence of a ligand.
(T/F) Agonists are more potent (ED50) than antagonists.
True! Less dose of the agonist required to reach 50% of the maximal effect.
Partial agonists can act as antagonists when with a full agonist.
Match the scenarios with their outcomes:
1) Partial agonists with LOW EFFICACY
2) Partial agonists with MODERATE EFFICACY
3) Partial agonists with HIGH EFFICACY
A) partial agonists almost always act as agonists.
B) acts as an antagonist by reducing full agonist binding and receptor activation.
C) partial agonists act as agonists with low-moderate basal activity but as antagonists with high basal activity or in the presence of exogenous agonist.
Partial agonists with LOW EFFICACY: acts as an antagonist by reducing full agonist binding and receptor activation.
Partial agonists with MODERATE EFFICACY: partial agonists act as agonists with low-moderate basal activity but as antagonists with high basal activity or in the presence of exogenous agonist.
Partial agonists with HIGH EFFICACY: partial agonists almost always act as agonists.
Describe how a partial agonist can act as an antagonist in the presence of a full agonist (the receptor’s endogenous molecule).
If it is a full agonist, it would generate 10 units of response if 10 of them bind to the receptor.
But when a partial agonist comes along (same affinity) in a 50:50 ratio with the agonist, 5 of it bind to the receptor.
If it generates 0.1 unit of response for one bound receptor, now there is a total of 5.5 units of response instead of 10!
Some receptors have multiple binding sites for which different ligands hold different _______ and different _________ activity.
Xenobiotics and endogenous ligands may bind common or distinct sites. Binding at one site causes ___________ change, influencing _________ & _________ at other sites.
Affinity; Intrinsic
Conformational; binding; activation
What are co-agonists?
Sometimes multiple agonists are needed to activate a receptor.
Co-agonists work together with other co-agonists to activate target receptors.
(T/F) In an ion channel, an UNCOMPETITIVE antagonist would block the channel itself.
True!
Allosteric modulators bind receptors at ___________ sites. They have no ________ when bound to a receptor alone.
Allosteric (different site than of agonists)
Efficacy (intrinsic activity)
What can allosteric modulators affect?
1) They can increase or decrease the affinity of a receptor + ligand (agonist) complex.
2) They can increase or decrease the efficacy of the agonist.
3) They can slow or accelerate receptor up- or down-regulation.
Match the functions of these ligands to their functions when alone:
1) Full agonist
2) Partial agonist
3) Inverse agonist
4) Competitive antagonist
5) Non-competitive antagonist
6) Positive allosteric modulator
7 Negative allosteric modulator
A) Inverse agonism
B) Agonism
C) None
1) Full agonist: Agonism
2) Partial agonist: Agonism
3) Inverse agonist: Inverse agonism (antagonistically reduces endogenous tone)
4) Competitive antagonist: None
5) Non-competitive antagonist: None
6) Positive allosteric modulator: None
7 Negative allosteric modulator: None
Match the functions of these ligands to their functions with a FULL AGONIST PRESENT:
1) Full agonist
2) Partial agonist
3) Inverse agonist
4) Competitive antagonist
5) Non-competitive antagonist
6) Positive allosteric modulator
7) Negative allosteric modulator
A) Synergism/potentiation
B) Antagonism
C) Agonism
1) Full agonist: agonism
2) Partial agonist: antagonism
3) Inverse agonist: antagonism
4) Competitive antagonist: antagonism
5) Non-competitive antagonist: antagonism
6) Positive allosteric modulator: Synergism/potentiation
7) Negative allosteric modulator: antagonism
(T/F) Xenobiotic mixtures are usually composed of similar compounds with common receptors and binding sites.
False! Xenobiotic mixtures can be composed of similar OR DISSIMILAR compounds with common OR DISTINCT receptors + binding sites.
What are the four interactive effects of xenobiotic mixtures? Briefly describe them.
1) Additive (summation): when the effect of two drugs given in combination equals the mathematical summation of their effects when given alone.
2) Synergistic: when the combine effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their effects when given separately.
3) Antagonistic: when the effect of two drugs is less than either of their effects when given alone.
4) Indifferent (masked): no change
*these effects can occur at all levels; molecular, cellular, systemic.