Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

What is pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

What the drug does to the body

1. Desired effect
2. Side effect
3. Adverse effect

Question 2

Can you define receptors?

Answer 2

Sensing elements that coordinate the function of all cells in the body

Question 3

Can you define ligands?

Answer 3

○ Chemical messengers that bind to receptors
○ which can be hormones, transmitters, and other mediators, including drugs,

Question 4

What is a desired effect?

Answer 4

Main therapeutic effect of the drug. It is desired that drugs should be as specific as possible

Question 5

What is a side effect?

Answer 5

Any unintended effect of a drug occurring at normal doses

Question 6

What is an adverse effect?

Answer 6

Is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and which occurs at intended doses

Question 7

Can you explain agnoism?

Answer 7

A ligand that binds to a target protein and evokes a response

Question 8

Can you explain partial agonism?

Answer 8

A drug that binds to their target and activates them to produce a response that is less than that we would expect from a full agonist

Question 9

Can you explain antagonism?

Answer 9

A ligand that binds to a target protein without causing activation or a response

Question 10

Can you explain exogenous?

Answer 10

A response that is not produced in the body

Question 11

Can you explain endogenous?

Answer 11

A response that is produced in the body

Question 12

Can you explain specificity?

Answer 12

○ Drug action is specific. In order for a drug to bind, it must be complimentary to the binding site.
○ The better the fit, the higher the degree of specificity.
○ The specificity or a drug depends on its affinity to the binding site of it target protein

Lock and key 🔑

Question 13

Can you explain affinity?

Answer 13

A measure of how easily a ligand will bind to a target protein

Question 14

Can you explain affinity?

Answer 14

A measure of how easily a ligand will bind to a target protein

Question 15

Can you explain efficacy?

Answer 15

Is the ability of a drug to produce a response

Question 16

Can you explain potency?

Answer 16

The amount of drug needed to produce an effect

Question 17

Can you explain classical receptors and how they work?

Answer 17

○ A target protein is part of a cell membrane. ○ The ligand binds to the receptor, leading to a physiological change in the cell.
○ There is an increase or decrease in an ongoing physiological process, or a new process is initiated.

Question 18

Can you explain ion channel interaction?

Answer 18

Ion channels provide receptors that a drug can interact with.
○ They can be channel blockers or channel modulators
○ ligand-gated
○ voltage-gated

(Channel blockers = the drug blocks permeation of the channel)
And
(Channel modulators = the drug binds to a receptor site within the ion channel)

Question 19

Can you explain enzyme interactions and how they work?

Answer 19

○ When a drug binds to an enzyme, a metabolic reaction can be influenced.
○ The enzyme activity can increase or decrease.
○ Drugs can inhibit the activity of the enzyme by binding to its active site

Question 20

Can you explain transport systems interactions /membrane transporters?

Answer 20

○ The site of action are responsible for transporting molecules across a cell membrane
○ In some transmitter systems, there is a normal physiological recycling of the transmitters
○ The uptake of neurotransmitters.

Question 21

Can you explain carrier protein interaction?

Answer 21

○ A carrier protein is a membrane protein that moves solutes across the membrane by creating conformational changes in the protein

○ Main carrier protein function = to move molecules across the membrane

Question 22

Can you name the 4 target proteins/site of action

Answer 22

1. Classical receptors
2. Enzyme
3. Ion channels
4. Membrane transporters

Question 23

What is site of action?

Answer 23

Where the drugs works and has an effect

Question 24

Targets proteins & Ligands (drug)

Answer 24

○A target protein is a molecule that permits another molecule to bind to it
○The drug binding to the receptor results in some alteration of a biological response

Question 25

Name 4 receptors?

Answer 25

1. Ligand-gated ion channel
2. G-protein
3. Kinase-linked receptors
4. Nuclear receptors