pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics/dynamics

Question 1

First phase of drug action, also called “Dilution” –a process where a drug in solid form must disintegrate into small particles to dissolve into a liquid

Answer 1

Pharmaceutic Phase

Question 2

a process where a drug in solid form must disintegrate into small particles to dissolve into a liquid.

Answer 2

Dilution

Question 3

it is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it.

Answer 3

 Rate Limiting

Question 4

Is the process of movement to active drug action.

Answer 4

Pharmacokinetic Phase

Question 5

4 process in Pharmacokinetic Phase

Answer 5

A. ABSORPTION
B. DISTRIBUTION
C. METABOLISM (Biotransformation)
D. EXCRETION (Elimination)

Question 6

Is the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to fluid by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis.

Answer 6

ABSORPTION

Question 7

3 mechanism in which drug gets absorbed

Answer 7

-Passive absorption
-Active absorption
-Pinocytosis

Question 8

the process in which the drugs passes to the liver first.

Answer 8

 First pass effects

Question 9

-a subcategory of absorption.
-It is the percentage (%) of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

Answer 9

 Bioavailability

Question 10

 Is the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues.

Answer 10

DISTRIBUTION

Question 11

-refers to the degree to which medication attach to proteins within the blood. A drug’s efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds.
-The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse.

Answer 11

 Protein binding

Question 12

may affect drug activity in one of two ways: either by changing the effective concentration of the drug at its site of action or by changing the rate at which the drug is eliminated, thus affecting the length of time for which effective concentrations are maintained.

Answer 12

Protein-binding

Question 13

is the process by which the body
chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.

Answer 13

Metabolism, or biotransformation,

Question 14

primary site of metabolism.

Answer 14

liver

Question 15

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the
body to be reduced by half.

Answer 15

half-life

Question 15

is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic
substance.

Answer 15

prodrug

Question 16

elimination of drugs from the body

Answer 16

excretion

Question 17

The main route of drug excretion

Answer 17

kidneys

Question 18

is the study of the effects of drugs on the body.

Answer 18

Pharmacodynamics

Question 19

occurs when the
amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being
eliminated.

Answer 19

steady state

Question 20

most accurate to determine renal function

Answer 20

Creatinine Clearance

Question 21

is the body’s physiologic response to
changes in drug concentration at the site of action.

Answer 21

dose-response relationship

Question 22

refers to the amount of drug needed to
elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug.

Answer 22

Potency

Question 23

The point at which increasing a
drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response

Answer 23

maximal efficacy

Question 24

the magnitude of maximum response that can be produced from a particular drug.

Answer 24

efficacy

Question 25

it is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug is administered.

Answer 25

Onset of Action

Question 26

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood plasma concentration

Answer 26

 Peak Action

Question 27

- is the length of time the drug has pharmacologic effects

Answer 27

 Duration of action

Question 28

-A drug receptor is a specialized target macromolecule that binds a drug and mediates its pharmacological action. -These receptors may be enzymes, nucleic acids, or specialized membrane-bound proteins. The formation of the drug-receptor complex leads to a biological response.

Answer 28

 Receptor Theory

Question 29

are primarily on proteins, glycoproteins, proteolipids, and enzymes

Answer 29

Drug-Binding Sites

Question 30

Drug-Binding Sites

Answer 30

proteins, glycoproteins, proteolipids, and enzymes

Question 31

Four receptor families:

Answer 31

-Cell membrane-embedded enzymes -Ligand-gated ion channels -G protein-coupled receptor systems -Transcription factors

Question 32

also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and/or Cl⁻ to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter

Answer 32

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 33

are integral membrane proteins that are used by cells to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses, including responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, as well as responses to vision, olfaction and taste signals.

Answer 33

G protein-coupled receptor systems

Question 34

drugs that produces a response

Answer 34

Agonist

Question 35

drugs that blocks a response.

Answer 35

Antagonist

Question 36

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug (ED50) and the toxic dose of a drug (TD50).

Answer 36

therapeutic index (TI)

Question 37

is the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the population

Answer 37

therapeutic dose

Question 38

is the dose of a drug that produces a toxic response in 50% of the population.

Answer 38

toxic dose

Question 39

-also known as the therapeutic window. -is a range of doses that produce a therapeutic response without causing significant adverse effect in patients.

Answer 39

therapeutic range

Question 40

-Factors that alter bioavailability

Answer 40

Drug form, Route of administration, GI mucosa and motility, Food and other drugs, and Changes in liver metabolism.

Question 41

the minimum amount of drug required for drug effect.

Answer 41

minimum effective concentration

Question 42

is the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time, and it indicates the rate of drug absorption.

Answer 42

peak drug level

Question 43

is the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.

Answer 43

trough drug level

Question 44

-Found in the cell nucleus on DNA, not on the surface. -Activation of receptors through transcription factors regulates protein synthesis and is prolonged. -With the first three receptor groups, activation of the receptors is rapid.

Answer 44

Transcription factors.

Question 45

The ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface. The drug activates the enzyme inside the cell, and a response is initiated.

Answer 45

Cell membrane–embedded enzymes.

Question 46

is the site on the receptor at which drugs bind.

Answer 46

ligand-binding domain

Question 47

are secondary effects of drug therapy.

Answer 47

Side effects

Question 48

are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug dosages.

Answer 48

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

Question 49

occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range;

Answer 49

Drug toxicity

Question 50

refers to a decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy; an individual with drug tolerance requires a higher dosage of drug to achieve the same therapeutic response.

Answer 50

Tolerance

Question 51

refers to an acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug; it may occur after the first dose or after several doses. -drug tolerance

Answer 51

tachyphylaxis

Question 52

is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of the drug.

Answer 52

Placebo effect

Question 53

is the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence

Answer 53

 Pharmacogenetics

Question 54

 Categories of drug Action

Answer 54

a.) Stimulation or Depression (Ex. Digoxin) b.) Replacement (Ex. Insulin) c.) Inhibition or Killing of Organisms (Ex. Antibiotics) d.) Irritation (Ex. Laxatives)

Question 55

Drugs that affect multiple receptor sites are considered

Answer 55

nonspecific.

Question 56

When immediate drug response is desired, a large initial dose of drug is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma

Answer 56

Loading Dose

Question 57

requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

Answer 57

Active transport

Question 58

relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 58

Facilitated diffusion

Question 59

does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane.

Answer 59

Passive transport

Question 60

drugs move across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Answer 60

diffusion

Question 61

For the body to use drugs taken by mouth, a drug in solid form (e.g., tablet or capsule) must disintegrate into small particles and combine with a liquid to form a solution, a process known as

Answer 61

dissolution

Question 62

are used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take on a particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution.

Answer 62

excipients

Question 63

is the breakdown of an oral drug into smaller particles.

Answer 63

Disintegration

Question 64

is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.

Answer 64

Pinocytosis