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Pharmacy 2 > Pharmaceuticals module 1 > Flashcards

Pharmaceuticals module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is flux?

A

The amount of material transferred through per unit cross sectional area in unit time is denoted as the flux

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2
Q

What is a barrier in diffusion?

A

A region or a region of a system that offer resistance to mass transfer or diffusion.

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3
Q

What does it mean when diffusion process under conditions of steady state?

A

The concentration gradient does not change with time but remains steady constant

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4
Q

What is Fricks first law?

A

The flux of the material diffusing across a given plane is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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5
Q

What is Ficks second law?

A

In a volume element within the diffusion field, the RATE of concentration change is proportional to the CHANGE in concentration gradient in that part of the system.

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6
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

It is a process to separate macromolecules using a membrane and involves applying hydraulic pressure.

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7
Q

What is dialysis?

A

It is a separation process based in the unequal rates of passage of solutes and the solvent through a semi permeable membrane

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8
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A

It is a process through which blood is filtered specifically to exclude certain small molecules while preserving. Larger molecules.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Process of mAss transfer of individual molecules of a substance brought about by the random molecular motion and associated with a driving force such as concentration gradient.

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10
Q

What needs to happen in order for a reaction to occur?

A

A collision must occur.
The collision must be of sufficient energy to break the order of a reaction.
Be of proper orientation

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11
Q

What are the factors that effecting the reaction rate?

A

Concentration
Temperature
Presence of a catalyst
Light

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12
Q

What is a unimolecular reaction?

A

In a unimolecular reaction one molecule with a different decompose into two or more atoms/molecules

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13
Q

What is a bimolecular reaction?

A

These reactions involve two molecules. The two molecule can either

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14
Q

What is the ideal drug candidate?

A 
Appropriate aqueous solubility to provide desired dose in 20mL of formulation per nostril
Low Mwt smaller is better
Low Dose
Appropriate nasal absorption properties 
No nasal irritation
No toxic nasal metabolites
No offensive odours
Suitable stability
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15
Q

What is heat of fusion considered as?

A

It is considered as the heat required to increase inter-atomic, inter-ionic or intermolecular distances and overcome intermolecular forces of attraction.

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16
Q

What are the unit that constitute crystal structures?

A

Atoms, molecules or ions.

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17
Q

What can be the overall shape of a crystal?

A

Acicular, prismatic, pyramidal and tabular.

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18
Q

Define polymorphism

A

Existence of elements or molecules in more than one crystalline form.

19
Q

What are liquid crystals?

A

This molecular order gives rise to properties such as ability to rotate plane polarised light. Liquid crystals are systems in echo the there is some degree of molecular order while maintaining an overall fluid state.

20
Q

Define the solubility of a gas

A

The concentration of dissolved gas when it is in equilibrium with some of the pure gas above the solution.

21
Q

What are the factors affecting the solubility of a gas?

A

Pressure
Temperature
Addition of salts (salting out)
Chemical reactions

22
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

A) Membrane of dense material with straight through out pores
B) Homogenous membranes without pores
C) Cellulose membrane used in filtration processes showing intertwining nature of fibres and tortuous channels

23
Q

What is the diffusion coefficient affected by?

A

Temperature, Pressure and nature of the solute and solvent properties

24
Q

When has steady state condition been achieved?

A

When the RATE of change of concentration is equal to zero.

25
Q

What are the attractive forces?

A

Van der Waals
Ion-dipoles and ion induced dipole
Hydrogen bonding

26
Q

What is the critical temperature?

A

The temperature above which the liquid state no longer exists.

27
Q

What is the critical pressure?

A

The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature

28
Q

What is vapour pressure?

A

It is the pressure exert day evaporated molecules

29
Q

At pressure lower than the triple point will a liquid exist?

A

No, changing the temperature will result in sublimation directly from between slid and gaseous states.

30
Q

Discuss solvent capacity of SCF

A

The solvent capacity of supercritical fluids exhibits a positive correlation with its density
Some substances that are not able to dissolve a solute normally can readily dissolve when in SC state
Had application in low temperature extraction eg, decaffeination of coffee

31
Q

What are unique properties of SCF?

A

Liquid like density with superior dissolving capacity compared to a liquid solvent
Gas like viscosity and diffusivity resulting in excellent mass transport properties

32
Q

What are SC CO2 Applications?

A

Extraction processes, Reaction medium, Treatment of thermolabile products

33
Q

What are the solution mechanisms?

A

1) Dielectric constant
2) Dipole interactions
3) Hydrogen bonding
4) Acid/Base and breaking covalent bonds

34
Q

Define dielectric constant

A

The extend to which a material stores electrical charge

35
Q

What is a dipole -dipole interaction?

A

It is the attraction between a negative portion of one molecule and a partially positively portion of a nearby molecule.

36
Q

What are the factors affecting the solubility of gases?

A

Pressure
Temperature
Addition of salts
Chemical reactions

37
Q

What is Henry’s LAW?

A

Gas solubility is directly proportional to partial pressure of the gas

38
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The total pressure above the solution minus the vapour pressure of the solvent

39
Q

What are the factors affecting the solubility of solids?

A 
Temperature
Molecular structure of solute
Nature of solvents
Crystal characteristics 
Acid/Base properties
40
Q

What do important colligative properties include?

A

Lowering of vapour pressure
Boiling point decrease
Freezing point elevation
Osmotic pressure

41
Q

What does the Noyes-Whitney Equation describe?

A

It describes the dissolution rate of a solid in relation to the properties of the solid and the dissolution medium.

42
Q

What are the factors affecting dissolution rate?

A 
Diffusion coefficient of the solute in the solution 
Surface area
Solubility of the solid
Concentration of solute in the bulk
The thickness of the diffusion layer
43
Q

What is the unit of viscosity of how is it defined?

A

Unit of viscosity is poise and defined as the shearing force required to produce q velocity of 1cm/ sec

Pharmacy 2 (3 decks)

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