Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards
A subgroup; outer energy level (incomplete)
Representative Elements
D-orbital
Partially filled starting at IIIB to IIB
Transition Elements
Partially filled F-orbitals
Lanthanides and Actinides/Inner Transition Elements
Completely filled
S and P orbitals, very stable
Noble Gases/ Inert Gases/ Rare Gases
O or VIIIA
Inert Gases
IA
Alkali Metals
VIIA
Halogens
IB
Coinage Metals
IIA
Alkaline Earth Metals
IIB
Volatile Metals
VIA
Chalcogene
Act either as an acid or as a base depending on the chemical reaction
Amphoteric Character
1st member of the family can be quite unlike the other members; it more closely resembles the 2nd member of the adjacent group to the right
Diagonal relationship or Bridge Elements
Li
Mg
Be
Al
B
Si
C
P
N
S
O
Cl
Measure of the energy required to REMOVE an electron
Ionization Potential
ATTRACTION of a nucleus for electrons
Electronegativity
- Combination
- Decomposition
- Disproportion reactions
- Displacement (Single Displacement)
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Displacement (Single Replacement)
- Hydrogen displacement
- Metal displacement
- Halogen displacement
- Precipitation
- Neutralization
- Gas formation
Metathesis (Double displacement)
General form: A + B ➡️ C
Example: Combustion Reaction
General form: AB ➡️ A + C
— breakdown of a compound into two or more components
Combination Reaction
Special type of redox reaction wherein an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
Disproportionation reaction
General form: A + BC ➡️ AC + B
Displacement reaction
Reactions are governed by ACTIVITY SERIES for metals
Hydrogen displacement
A metal in a compound can also be displaced by another metal in the uncombined state
Metal displacement
Activity series for halogens: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Halogen displacement
General form: AB + CD ➡️ AC + BD
Metathesis Reaction
Formation of an insoluble product (precipitate) which separates from solution
Precipitation reactions
Predict the outcome of precipitation reactions
Solubility Rules
General form: Acid + Base ➡️ Salt + Water
Acid-Base Reactions (Neutralizations)
IA
Alkali Family
IA (Alkali Family)
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
Most reactive among the metallic elements
IA - Alkali Family
Pharmaceutically Important IA Elements
- Hydrogen
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Potassium
Inflammable Air (Cavendish, 1766)
Hydrogen
Universal Solvent
Water
Simplest and lightest element
Hydrogen
Third most abundant element in Earth’s crust
Hydrogen
Production of Hydrogen
Linde Method
Industrial uses of hydrogen
- Haber process
- Hydrogenation of oils
- Inflating balloons
Haber process
Production of ammonia
Isotopes of Hydrogen
- Protium
- Deuterium
- Tritium
Pharmaceutically important compounds of Hydrogen
- Water
- Hydrogen
- Peroxide
- Acids
Contains appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3
Alkaline Water
CO2 under pressure
Calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution as bicarbonate
Carbonated Water
Contains IRON
Characterized by its FERRUGINOUS TASTE
Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon exposure to air
Chalybeate Water
Do NOT contain appreciable quantities of LITHIUM, either as carbonate or chloride
Lithia Water
High amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl
Saline Water (Purgative Water)
Contains dissolve H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the atmosphere
Sulfur Water
Water that contain soluble alkali silicates
Siliceous Water
Fit to drink, free form coliform organisms
Potable Water
Water with MINIMAL OR NO DISSOLVED INORGANIC IONS;
Low in dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
Soft Water
Water with APPRECIABLE AMOUNTS of calcium and magnesium ions
Hard Water
Contain soluble SULFATES, CHLORIDES, OR HYDROXIDES of calcium and or magnesium removed by ion exchange resins
Permanent Hard Water
Fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water
Purified Water, USP
Not use for neonates
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
Toxicity of benzyl alcohol
Gasping Syndrome
Water obtained from distillation, ion exchange tx, reverse osmosis of other suitable process
Purified Water, USP
Used for reconstitution of multiple antibiotics
Sterile Water for injection, USP
Water purified by distillation or reverse osmosis
Water for Injection, USP
Most widely used excipient in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Purified Water, USP
Must be used only in parenterals administered in SMALL volumes
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
Not required to be sterile but MUST BE PYROGEN-FREE
Water for Injection, USP
SWFI containing 1 or mor suitable antimicrobial agents packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing NMT 30 mL of the water
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
Packaged in single dose containers NLargerT 1L
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
Intended to be used for manufacture of injectable products to be sterilized after preparation
Water for Injection, USP
Most frequently used solvent for LARGE-SCALE manufacture of injections
Water for injection, USP
Used for preparation of aqueous dosage forms EXCEPT those intended for parenteral administration
Purified Water, USP
Must be pyrogen free but has allowable endotoxin level (nmt 0.25 USP endotoxin units per mL)
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
Intended to be used as solvent, vehicle, or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
Neutralization
Arrhenius Concept
PROTONIC Concept of acidity and basicity.
Acids — donors
Bases — acceptors
Concept of Hydrolysis
Bronsted - Lowry Concept
ELECTRONIC Concept
Acids — donors
Bases — acceptors
Lewis Concept
HSAB Concept
Pearson’s concept of acidity and basicity
Suitable for ophthalmic, nasal and EXTERNAL application only
Borate Buffer System
Suitable for INTERNAL application
Phosphate Buffer Systems
Slight modification of Atkins and Pantin buffer system.
Contains high concentration of KCl
Gifford’s buffer
Baluable buffer syatem for ophthalmic drugs
Sorensen’s buffer
Major control of pH
Protein buffers (Hb and oxyHb)
Contains NaCl, dibadic sodium phosphate, may also contain KCl, monobasic K phosphate, calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate
Phosphate Buffered Systems
- Sal Sedativum Hombergi
- Boracic acid
- Orthoboric acid
Boric Acid, NF
Spirits of Salt
Hydrochloric Acid
Technical grade of HCl, impurities give it a characteristic yellow color
Muriatic acid
Parietal cells of the stomach secrete
HCl
pH of gatric juice
1-2
- Eau forte (strong water)
* Aqua fortis
Nitric acid
Production of Nitric Acid
Ostwald Process
- Orthophosphoric acid
- Syrupy phosphoric acid
- Concentrated Phosphoric Acid
Phosporic Acid
Strong monoprotic acid
Nitric Acid
Strong diprotic acid
Sulfuric acid
Strong triprotic acid
Phosphoric acid
Oil of Vitriol
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphinic Acid
Hypophosphorous Acid
Chemical properties of hyphosphite ion
Powerful reducing agent
React with Free Radicals
True Antioxidant
True Antioxidants
- Propyl gallate
- Vitamin E
- BHA
- BHT
Selectively oxidized due to its reducing property
Reducing Agents
Reducing Agents
- Vitamin C
- Sulfites
- Hypophosphites
React with heavy metals which catalyzes oxidation
Antioxidant Synergists
Antioxidant Synergists
- Citric Acid
- Tartaric Acid
- EDTA
- EDTA Salts
- Lecithin
For gastric achlorhydria
Diluted HCl Acid
- Concentrated Acetic Acid
- Crystallizable Acetic Acid
- Vinegar Acid
Glacial Acetic Acid
Excipient
Solvent and Menstruum
Acetic Acid, NF
Very corrosive weak acid used in glass etching
Hydrofluoric Acid
Antidote for burns caused by HF and fluorides
Calcium Gluconate
Minerals required in amounts > 100 mg per day by the human body
Macrominerals
Macrominerals
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Ph
Microminerals or Trace Elements
Minerals that are needed in amounts < 100 mg per day
Lithos
Earth
Lightest of all metals
Lithium
Industrial use of Lithium
Heat exchanger in air conditioners
Ion that has diuretic action
Li ion
CNS depressant, sedative
Lithium Bromide
Most commonly used lithium salt for bipolar disorder
Lithium Carbonate
Tx of hyponaniac and maniac states and other psychiatric disorders
- Lithium Carbonate
* Lithium Oral Solution
- Eskalith
- Quilonium-R
- Lithase
Lithium Carbonate — Brand Names
Strong base, rapidly destroys tissues
Lithium Hydroxide
Excipient for preparation of Lithium Oral Solution
- Lithium Citrate
* Lithium Hydroxide
Primary CATION in EXTRAcellular fluids
Sodium
Carrier ion for organic drugs
Sodium
6th most abundant element in Earth’s crust
Sodium
Optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
Sodium
Average daily intake as NaCl
5-15g
Excretion of Sodium is mainly via
Urine
Water solublesodiun compounds are collectively known as
Soda
Baking Soda
Sodium Bicarbonate, USP
2nd most abundnant ANION in the EXTRAcellular fluid
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Production of Sodium bicarbonate
Solvay Process
Antidote for ingestion of water soluble zinc salts.
Carbonating agent for effervescent preparations.
Sodium bicarbonate
Deugs that react with HCl acid in the stomach to form salt and water
Antacids
– water soluble and easily absorbed
– cause electrolyte disturbance and alkalosis
• NaHCO3
Systemic Antacids
– Water insoluble
– causes less side effect
• Al, Ca and Mg containing antacids
Nonsytemic Antacids
- Phophate depletion
- Osteoporosis
- Osteomalacia
- Neurotoxicity
Aluminum containing compounds
- Hypercalcemia
- Alkalosis
- Reversible renal failure
CaCO3
- Diarrhea
* Hypermagnesia
Magnesium containing compounds
- Mg(OH)2
- MgO
- CaCO3
Rapid onset antacids
- Magaldrate
* Magnesium Carbonate
Intermediate onset antacids
- Magnesium Trisilicate
* Aluminum Compounds
Slow onset antacids
Number of mEq of HCl acid required to maintain 1 mL of an antacid suspension at pH 3 for 2 hours in vitro
Acid Neutralizing Capacity
- Urinary and syatemic alkalizer
* Diuretic
Sodium acetate
Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Actetate
Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s Solution
- In vitro: Anticoagulant
* In vivo: Sytemic and urinary alkalizer
Sodium Citrate
Provides raw material for regeneration of bicarbonate in the body
Lactate ion
Therapeutic use of Sodium Lactate
Systemic Alkalizer
Excipient for preparation of Hartmann’s Solution and Darrow’s Solution
Sodium Lactate
- Table Salt
- Rock Salt
- Solar Salt
- Sea Salt
- Dendritic Salt
Sodium Chloride
Primary ANION in EXTRAcellular fluid
Cl
Normal Saline Solution
Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
For multiple reconstitution of drugs
Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
Isotonic Solution of Three Chlorides
• NaCl
• KCl
• CaCl2
Ringer’s Injection
Hartmann's Solution • NaCl • KCl • CaCl2 • Sodium Lactate
Lactated Ringer’s Solution
Contains
• NaCl
• KCl
• Sodium Lactate
Darrow’s Solution
Temporary relief of corneal damage
Hupertonic NaCl Solution
Isotonic irrigating solution for the eye during surgical procedures
Balanced Salt Solution
Dry mixture of - NaCl - dextrose - KCl - Sodium bicarbonate • Electrolye replenisher
Oral Rehydration Salts, USP
- PEG-3350
- Sodium sulfate
- NaHCO3
- NaCl
• Laxative
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
- Electrolyte replenisher for Na
- less irritating and more water soluble
Sodium Gluconate, USP
- Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
- Sodium Acid Phosphate
- Sodium Biphosphate
Monobasic Sodium Phosphate, USP
Primary ANION in the INTRAcellular fluid
HPO4
Influences calcium levels and acts as a buffer to prevent marked changes in acid-base balance
Phosphorous
Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate
Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP
- Source of phosphorous in hypophosphatemia and TPN
* Tx of hypercalcemia
Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP
— Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate or dibasic sodium phosphate and phsophoric acid
— Saline Laxative
- Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution
* Sodium Phosphates Rectal Solution
Drugs that accelerate fecal passage or decrease fecal consistency
Laxatives
Psyllium husk
Bulk-forming
Docusate sodium (surfactants)
Emollient
Mineral Oil
Lubricant
- Magnesium salts
* Sodium phosphates
Saline
- Bisacodyl
- Senna
- Castor Oil
Stimulant
- Lactulose
- Glycerin
- Sorbitol
- PEG 3350
Hyperosmotic
- Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate
- Sodium Phosphate
- Phosphate of Soda
Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP
Pharmaceutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP
Buffer component
Therapeutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate
— Saline Laxatives
— For hypercalcemia
- Rochelle Salt
* Sal Seignette
Sodium Potassium Tartrate, USP
Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Potassium Tartrate
Sequestrant for Cu in Fehling’s Solution
Glauber’s Salt
Sodium Sulfate
Disodium EDTA
Edetate Disodium, USP
Uses of Edetate Disodium
– In vitro: Antocoagulant
– In vivo: chelating agent for correction of hypercalcemia
Very toxic (protoplasmic posion)
F- ion
Anticariogenic agent: dental caries prophylactic
Sodium Fluoride
Excessive administration of fluorides lead to
- dental fluorosis
- mottled appearance of the enamel of the teeth
- Antocariogenic agent
- Management of osteoporosis
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
Uses of Sodium Nitrite
- In vivo: vasodilator
* Curing meats and fish
Nitrite ion can cause
Metheoglobinemia
Antodote for cyanide posioning
Sodium nitrite
Antidote for nitrite toxicity
Methylene Blue
- Sodium hyposulfite
- “hypo”
- photographer’s hypo
Sodium Thiosulfate
Good reducing agent but prone towards bacterial decomposition
S2O3
- Antidote for Cyanide poisoning
* Reagent for analytical determination of iodine
Sodium Thiosulfate
Calcium Disodium Versenate
Calcium Disodium Edetate, USP
Chelating agent for lead toxicity
Calcium Disodium Edetate
Used to enhance the elimination of divalent and other multivalent ions by formation of a stable metal-ion-chelate complex (sequestration) and act as antidotes
Chelating agents
Best antidote for mercury poisoning
Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate
Reddish brown crystals or powder
Sodium Nitroprusside
- Binds Ca ions and other divakent ions
- To prevent formation of calcium-containing kidney stones
Cellulose Sodium Phosphate
Tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney failure
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
- Dakin’s Solution
- Chlorox
- Household bleach
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Chemical property of hypochlorite ion
Powerful oxidizing agent
— NaOCl solution with diluted with equal volume of water
— Disinfectant
Labarraque’s Solution
— Buffered solution containjng 450-500 mg NaOCl
— Antiseptic
Modified Dakin’s Solution
Mild disinfectant and deodorant
Sodium Perborate
- H2O2
- KMnO4
- Sodium Perborate
Oxidizing agents
Heavy metals
- Al
- Zn
- Hg
- Fe
Protein precipitates
- Chlorine gas
- Hypochlorites
- Iodine Preparations
Halogenating Agents
- Storax
- Sodium Tetraborate
- Sodium Pyroborate
- Sodium Biborate
Sodium Borate
Component of Dobell’s Solution
— used as an astringent or antiseptic wash
– Sodium borate
– Sodium bicarbonate
– Phenol
– Glycerol
Sensitive towards moisture and light
Sodium Iodide
Trace element necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones
Iodine
Deficiency of iodine in children
Cretinism
Deficiency of iodine in adults
Simple or colloid goiter and myxedema
Excessive administration of iodides can cause hypersensitivity reaction
Iodism
Solubilizer for iodine in Iodine tinctire and Iodine Solution
Sodium Iodide
- Caustic soda
- Sosa
- Lye
- Soda lye
Sodium Hydroxide
– Very deliquescent, easily absorb water and CO2 from the atmosphere
– Readily attack glass
– Rapidly destroys tissue
Sodium Hydroxide
Chemical property of CO3
Highly alkaline reaction with water
Terrisry Sodium Phosphate
Tribasic Sodium Phosphate
Pharmaceutic use of Tribasic Sodium Phosphate:
Chemical reagent, for cleaning glass apparatus
Calx sodica
Soda Lime
Mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH or KOH and diatomaceous earth
Soda Lime
Carbon dioxide absorber
Soda Lime
Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent
Sodium Tartrate
Hypotensive agent
Sodium Thiocyanate
– Vitamin supplement
– Antioxidant
Sodium Ascorbate
- SLS
* Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sidium Lauryl Sulfate
Pharmaceutic use of SLS:
Anionic Surfactant
Disodium pyrosulfate
Sodium metabisulfite
Obtained from crystallization of sodium bisulfite under SO2 atmosphere
Sodium Metabisulfite
Chemical property of sulfites
Good reducing agent
– Artificial sweetener
– Not approved for food use
– Causes bladder tumors in laboratory animals
Saccharin Sodium
