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Module 1 > Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry > Flashcards

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

A subgroup; outer energy level (incomplete)

A

Representative Elements

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2
Q

D-orbital

Partially filled starting at IIIB to IIB

A

Transition Elements

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3
Q

Partially filled F-orbitals

A

Lanthanides and Actinides/Inner Transition Elements

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4
Q

Completely filled

S and P orbitals, very stable

A

Noble Gases/ Inert Gases/ Rare Gases

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5
Q

O or VIIIA

A

Inert Gases

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6
Q

IA

A

Alkali Metals

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7
Q

VIIA

A

Halogens

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8
Q

IB

A

Coinage Metals

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9
Q

IIA

A

Alkaline Earth Metals

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10
Q

IIB

A

Volatile Metals

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11
Q

VIA

A

Chalcogene

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12
Q

Act either as an acid or as a base depending on the chemical reaction

A

Amphoteric Character

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13
Q

1st member of the family can be quite unlike the other members; it more closely resembles the 2nd member of the adjacent group to the right

A

Diagonal relationship or Bridge Elements

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14
Q

Li

A

Mg

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15
Q

Be

A

Al

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16
Q

B

A

Si

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17
Q

C

A

P

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18
Q

N

A

S

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19
Q

O

A

Cl

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20
Q

Measure of the energy required to REMOVE an electron

A

Ionization Potential

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21
Q

ATTRACTION of a nucleus for electrons

A

Electronegativity

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22
Q
  • Combination
  • Decomposition
  • Disproportion reactions
  • Displacement (Single Displacement)
A

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

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23
Q

Displacement (Single Replacement)

A
  • Hydrogen displacement
  • Metal displacement
  • Halogen displacement
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24
Q
  • Precipitation
  • Neutralization
  • Gas formation
A

Metathesis (Double displacement)

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25
Q

General form: A + B ➡️ C
Example: Combustion Reaction
General form: AB ➡️ A + C
— breakdown of a compound into two or more components

A

Combination Reaction

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26
Q

Special type of redox reaction wherein an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

A

Disproportionation reaction

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27
Q

General form: A + BC ➡️ AC + B

A

Displacement reaction

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28
Q

Reactions are governed by ACTIVITY SERIES for metals

A

Hydrogen displacement

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29
Q

A metal in a compound can also be displaced by another metal in the uncombined state

A

Metal displacement

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30
Q

Activity series for halogens: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

A

Halogen displacement

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31
Q

General form: AB + CD ➡️ AC + BD

A

Metathesis Reaction

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32
Q

Formation of an insoluble product (precipitate) which separates from solution

A

Precipitation reactions

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33
Q

Predict the outcome of precipitation reactions

A

Solubility Rules

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34
Q

General form: Acid + Base ➡️ Salt + Water

A

Acid-Base Reactions (Neutralizations)

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35
Q

IA

A

Alkali Family

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36
Q

IA (Alkali Family)

A

H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs

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37
Q

Most reactive among the metallic elements

A

IA - Alkali Family

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38
Q

Pharmaceutically Important IA Elements

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Lithium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
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39
Q

Inflammable Air (Cavendish, 1766)

A

Hydrogen

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40
Q

Universal Solvent

A

Water

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41
Q

Simplest and lightest element

A

Hydrogen

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42
Q

Third most abundant element in Earth’s crust

A

Hydrogen

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43
Q

Production of Hydrogen

A

Linde Method

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44
Q

Industrial uses of hydrogen

A
  • Haber process
  • Hydrogenation of oils
  • Inflating balloons
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45
Q

Haber process

A

Production of ammonia

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46
Q

Isotopes of Hydrogen

A
  • Protium
  • Deuterium
  • Tritium
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47
Q

Pharmaceutically important compounds of Hydrogen

A
  • Water
  • Hydrogen
  • Peroxide
  • Acids
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48
Q

Contains appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3

A

Alkaline Water

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49
Q

CO2 under pressure

Calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution as bicarbonate

A

Carbonated Water

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50
Q

Contains IRON
Characterized by its FERRUGINOUS TASTE
Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon exposure to air

A

Chalybeate Water

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51
Q

Do NOT contain appreciable quantities of LITHIUM, either as carbonate or chloride

A

Lithia Water

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52
Q

High amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl

A

Saline Water (Purgative Water)

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53
Q

Contains dissolve H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the atmosphere

A

Sulfur Water

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54
Q

Water that contain soluble alkali silicates

A

Siliceous Water

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55
Q

Fit to drink, free form coliform organisms

A

Potable Water

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56
Q

Water with MINIMAL OR NO DISSOLVED INORGANIC IONS;

Low in dissolved calcium and magnesium ions

A

Soft Water

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57
Q

Water with APPRECIABLE AMOUNTS of calcium and magnesium ions

A

Hard Water

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58
Q

Contain soluble SULFATES, CHLORIDES, OR HYDROXIDES of calcium and or magnesium removed by ion exchange resins

A

Permanent Hard Water

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59
Q

Fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water

A

Purified Water, USP

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60
Q

Not use for neonates

A

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

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61
Q

Toxicity of benzyl alcohol

A

Gasping Syndrome

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62
Q

Water obtained from distillation, ion exchange tx, reverse osmosis of other suitable process

A

Purified Water, USP

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63
Q

Used for reconstitution of multiple antibiotics

A

Sterile Water for injection, USP

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64
Q

Water purified by distillation or reverse osmosis

A

Water for Injection, USP

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65
Q

Most widely used excipient in pharmaceutical manufacturing

A

Purified Water, USP

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66
Q

Must be used only in parenterals administered in SMALL volumes

A

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

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67
Q

Not required to be sterile but MUST BE PYROGEN-FREE

A

Water for Injection, USP

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68
Q

SWFI containing 1 or mor suitable antimicrobial agents packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing NMT 30 mL of the water

A

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

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69
Q

Packaged in single dose containers NLargerT 1L

A

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

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70
Q

Intended to be used for manufacture of injectable products to be sterilized after preparation

A

Water for Injection, USP

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71
Q

Most frequently used solvent for LARGE-SCALE manufacture of injections

A

Water for injection, USP

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72
Q

Used for preparation of aqueous dosage forms EXCEPT those intended for parenteral administration

A

Purified Water, USP

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73
Q

Must be pyrogen free but has allowable endotoxin level (nmt 0.25 USP endotoxin units per mL)

A

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

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74
Q

Intended to be used as solvent, vehicle, or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications

A

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

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75
Q

Neutralization

A

Arrhenius Concept

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76
Q

PROTONIC Concept of acidity and basicity.
Acids — donors
Bases — acceptors
Concept of Hydrolysis

A

Bronsted - Lowry Concept

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77
Q

ELECTRONIC Concept
Acids — donors
Bases — acceptors

A

Lewis Concept

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78
Q

HSAB Concept

A

Pearson’s concept of acidity and basicity

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79
Q

Suitable for ophthalmic, nasal and EXTERNAL application only

A

Borate Buffer System

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80
Q

Suitable for INTERNAL application

A

Phosphate Buffer Systems

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81
Q

Slight modification of Atkins and Pantin buffer system.

Contains high concentration of KCl

A

Gifford’s buffer

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82
Q

Baluable buffer syatem for ophthalmic drugs

A

Sorensen’s buffer

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83
Q

Major control of pH

A

Protein buffers (Hb and oxyHb)

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84
Q

Contains NaCl, dibadic sodium phosphate, may also contain KCl, monobasic K phosphate, calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate

A

Phosphate Buffered Systems

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85
Q
  • Sal Sedativum Hombergi
  • Boracic acid
  • Orthoboric acid
A

Boric Acid, NF

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86
Q

Spirits of Salt

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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87
Q

Technical grade of HCl, impurities give it a characteristic yellow color

A

Muriatic acid

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88
Q

Parietal cells of the stomach secrete

A

HCl

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89
Q

pH of gatric juice

A

1-2

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90
Q
  • Eau forte (strong water)

* Aqua fortis

A

Nitric acid

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91
Q

Production of Nitric Acid

A

Ostwald Process

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92
Q
  • Orthophosphoric acid
  • Syrupy phosphoric acid
  • Concentrated Phosphoric Acid
A

Phosporic Acid

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93
Q

Strong monoprotic acid

A

Nitric Acid

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94
Q

Strong diprotic acid

A

Sulfuric acid

95
Q

Strong triprotic acid

A

Phosphoric acid

96
Q

Oil of Vitriol

A

Sulfuric Acid

97
Q

Phosphinic Acid

A

Hypophosphorous Acid

98
Q

Chemical properties of hyphosphite ion

A

Powerful reducing agent

99
Q

React with Free Radicals

A

True Antioxidant

100
Q

True Antioxidants

A
  • Propyl gallate
  • Vitamin E
  • BHA
  • BHT
101
Q

Selectively oxidized due to its reducing property

A

Reducing Agents

102
Q

Reducing Agents

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Sulfites
  • Hypophosphites
103
Q

React with heavy metals which catalyzes oxidation

A

Antioxidant Synergists

104
Q

Antioxidant Synergists

A
  • Citric Acid
  • Tartaric Acid
  • EDTA
  • EDTA Salts
  • Lecithin
105
Q

For gastric achlorhydria

A

Diluted HCl Acid

106
Q
  • Concentrated Acetic Acid
  • Crystallizable Acetic Acid
  • Vinegar Acid
A

Glacial Acetic Acid

107
Q

Excipient

Solvent and Menstruum

A

Acetic Acid, NF

108
Q

Very corrosive weak acid used in glass etching

A

Hydrofluoric Acid

109
Q

Antidote for burns caused by HF and fluorides

A

Calcium Gluconate

110
Q

Minerals required in amounts > 100 mg per day by the human body

A

Macrominerals

111
Q

Macrominerals

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Ph

112
Q

Microminerals or Trace Elements

A

Minerals that are needed in amounts < 100 mg per day

113
Q

Lithos

A

Earth

114
Q

Lightest of all metals

A

Lithium

115
Q

Industrial use of Lithium

A

Heat exchanger in air conditioners

116
Q

Ion that has diuretic action

A

Li ion

117
Q

CNS depressant, sedative

A

Lithium Bromide

118
Q

Most commonly used lithium salt for bipolar disorder

A

Lithium Carbonate

119
Q

Tx of hyponaniac and maniac states and other psychiatric disorders

A
  • Lithium Carbonate

* Lithium Oral Solution

120
Q
  • Eskalith
  • Quilonium-R
  • Lithase
A

Lithium Carbonate — Brand Names

121
Q

Strong base, rapidly destroys tissues

A

Lithium Hydroxide

122
Q

Excipient for preparation of Lithium Oral Solution

A
  • Lithium Citrate

* Lithium Hydroxide

123
Q

Primary CATION in EXTRAcellular fluids

A

Sodium

124
Q

Carrier ion for organic drugs

A

Sodium

125
Q

6th most abundant element in Earth’s crust

A

Sodium

126
Q

Optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments

A

Sodium

127
Q

Average daily intake as NaCl

A

5-15g

128
Q

Excretion of Sodium is mainly via

A

Urine

129
Q

Water solublesodiun compounds are collectively known as

A

Soda

130
Q

Baking Soda

A

Sodium Bicarbonate, USP

131
Q

2nd most abundnant ANION in the EXTRAcellular fluid

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

132
Q

Production of Sodium bicarbonate

A

Solvay Process

133
Q

Antidote for ingestion of water soluble zinc salts.

Carbonating agent for effervescent preparations.

A

Sodium bicarbonate

134
Q

Deugs that react with HCl acid in the stomach to form salt and water

A

Antacids

135
Q

– water soluble and easily absorbed
– cause electrolyte disturbance and alkalosis
• NaHCO3

A

Systemic Antacids

136
Q

– Water insoluble
– causes less side effect
• Al, Ca and Mg containing antacids

A

Nonsytemic Antacids

137
Q
  • Phophate depletion
  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteomalacia
  • Neurotoxicity
A

Aluminum containing compounds

138
Q
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Alkalosis
  • Reversible renal failure
A

CaCO3

139
Q
  • Diarrhea

* Hypermagnesia

A

Magnesium containing compounds

140
Q
  • Mg(OH)2
  • MgO
  • CaCO3
A

Rapid onset antacids

141
Q
  • Magaldrate

* Magnesium Carbonate

A

Intermediate onset antacids

142
Q
  • Magnesium Trisilicate

* Aluminum Compounds

A

Slow onset antacids

143
Q

Number of mEq of HCl acid required to maintain 1 mL of an antacid suspension at pH 3 for 2 hours in vitro

A

Acid Neutralizing Capacity

144
Q
  • Urinary and syatemic alkalizer

* Diuretic

A

Sodium acetate

145
Q

Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Actetate

A

Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s Solution

146
Q
  • In vitro: Anticoagulant

* In vivo: Sytemic and urinary alkalizer

A

Sodium Citrate

147
Q

Provides raw material for regeneration of bicarbonate in the body

A

Lactate ion

148
Q

Therapeutic use of Sodium Lactate

A

Systemic Alkalizer

149
Q

Excipient for preparation of Hartmann’s Solution and Darrow’s Solution

A

Sodium Lactate

150
Q
  • Table Salt
  • Rock Salt
  • Solar Salt
  • Sea Salt
  • Dendritic Salt
A

Sodium Chloride

151
Q

Primary ANION in EXTRAcellular fluid

A

Cl

152
Q

Normal Saline Solution

A

Sodium Chloride Injection, USP

153
Q

For multiple reconstitution of drugs

A

Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP

154
Q

Isotonic Solution of Three Chlorides
• NaCl
• KCl
• CaCl2

A

Ringer’s Injection

155
Q 
Hartmann's Solution
• NaCl
• KCl
• CaCl2
• Sodium Lactate
A

Lactated Ringer’s Solution

156
Q

Contains
• NaCl
• KCl
• Sodium Lactate

A

Darrow’s Solution

157
Q

Temporary relief of corneal damage

A

Hupertonic NaCl Solution

158
Q

Isotonic irrigating solution for the eye during surgical procedures

A

Balanced Salt Solution

159
Q 
Dry mixture of
- NaCl
- dextrose
- KCl
- Sodium bicarbonate
• Electrolye replenisher
A

Oral Rehydration Salts, USP

160
Q
  • PEG-3350
  • Sodium sulfate
  • NaHCO3
  • NaCl
    • Laxative
A

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

161
Q
  • Electrolyte replenisher for Na

- less irritating and more water soluble

A

Sodium Gluconate, USP

162
Q
  • Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
  • Sodium Acid Phosphate
  • Sodium Biphosphate
A

Monobasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

163
Q

Primary ANION in the INTRAcellular fluid

A

HPO4

164
Q

Influences calcium levels and acts as a buffer to prevent marked changes in acid-base balance

A

Phosphorous

165
Q

Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate

A

Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP

166
Q
  • Source of phosphorous in hypophosphatemia and TPN

* Tx of hypercalcemia

A

Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP

167
Q

— Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate or dibasic sodium phosphate and phsophoric acid
— Saline Laxative

A
  • Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution

* Sodium Phosphates Rectal Solution

168
Q

Drugs that accelerate fecal passage or decrease fecal consistency

A

Laxatives

169
Q

Psyllium husk

A

Bulk-forming

170
Q

Docusate sodium (surfactants)

A

Emollient

171
Q

Mineral Oil

A

Lubricant

172
Q
  • Magnesium salts

* Sodium phosphates

A

Saline

173
Q
  • Bisacodyl
  • Senna
  • Castor Oil
A

Stimulant

174
Q
  • Lactulose
  • Glycerin
  • Sorbitol
  • PEG 3350
A

Hyperosmotic

175
Q
  • Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate
  • Sodium Phosphate
  • Phosphate of Soda
A

Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

176
Q

Pharmaceutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

A

Buffer component

177
Q

Therapeutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate

A

— Saline Laxatives

— For hypercalcemia

178
Q
  • Rochelle Salt

* Sal Seignette

A

Sodium Potassium Tartrate, USP

179
Q

Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Potassium Tartrate

A

Sequestrant for Cu in Fehling’s Solution

180
Q

Glauber’s Salt

A

Sodium Sulfate

181
Q

Disodium EDTA

A

Edetate Disodium, USP

182
Q

Uses of Edetate Disodium

A

– In vitro: Antocoagulant

– In vivo: chelating agent for correction of hypercalcemia

183
Q

Very toxic (protoplasmic posion)

A

F- ion

184
Q

Anticariogenic agent: dental caries prophylactic

A

Sodium Fluoride

185
Q

Excessive administration of fluorides lead to

A
  • dental fluorosis

- mottled appearance of the enamel of the teeth

186
Q
  • Antocariogenic agent

- Management of osteoporosis

A

Sodium Monofluorophosphate

187
Q

Uses of Sodium Nitrite

A
  • In vivo: vasodilator

* Curing meats and fish

188
Q

Nitrite ion can cause

A

Metheoglobinemia

189
Q

Antodote for cyanide posioning

A

Sodium nitrite

190
Q

Antidote for nitrite toxicity

A

Methylene Blue

191
Q
  • Sodium hyposulfite
  • “hypo”
  • photographer’s hypo
A

Sodium Thiosulfate

192
Q

Good reducing agent but prone towards bacterial decomposition

A

S2O3

193
Q
  • Antidote for Cyanide poisoning

* Reagent for analytical determination of iodine

A

Sodium Thiosulfate

194
Q

Calcium Disodium Versenate

A

Calcium Disodium Edetate, USP

195
Q

Chelating agent for lead toxicity

A

Calcium Disodium Edetate

196
Q

Used to enhance the elimination of divalent and other multivalent ions by formation of a stable metal-ion-chelate complex (sequestration) and act as antidotes

A

Chelating agents

197
Q

Best antidote for mercury poisoning

A

Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate

198
Q

Reddish brown crystals or powder

A

Sodium Nitroprusside

199
Q
  • Binds Ca ions and other divakent ions

- To prevent formation of calcium-containing kidney stones

A

Cellulose Sodium Phosphate

200
Q

Tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney failure

A

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

201
Q
  • Dakin’s Solution
  • Chlorox
  • Household bleach
A

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

202
Q

Chemical property of hypochlorite ion

A

Powerful oxidizing agent

203
Q

— NaOCl solution with diluted with equal volume of water

— Disinfectant

A

Labarraque’s Solution

204
Q

— Buffered solution containjng 450-500 mg NaOCl

— Antiseptic

A

Modified Dakin’s Solution

205
Q

Mild disinfectant and deodorant

A

Sodium Perborate

206
Q
  • H2O2
  • KMnO4
  • Sodium Perborate
A

Oxidizing agents

207
Q

Heavy metals

  • Al
  • Zn
  • Hg
  • Fe
A

Protein precipitates

208
Q
  • Chlorine gas
  • Hypochlorites
  • Iodine Preparations
A

Halogenating Agents

209
Q
  • Storax
  • Sodium Tetraborate
  • Sodium Pyroborate
  • Sodium Biborate
A

Sodium Borate

210
Q

Component of Dobell’s Solution

— used as an astringent or antiseptic wash

A

– Sodium borate
– Sodium bicarbonate
– Phenol
– Glycerol

211
Q

Sensitive towards moisture and light

A

Sodium Iodide

212
Q

Trace element necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

213
Q

Deficiency of iodine in children

A

Cretinism

214
Q

Deficiency of iodine in adults

A

Simple or colloid goiter and myxedema

215
Q

Excessive administration of iodides can cause hypersensitivity reaction

A

Iodism

216
Q

Solubilizer for iodine in Iodine tinctire and Iodine Solution

A

Sodium Iodide

217
Q
  • Caustic soda
  • Sosa
  • Lye
  • Soda lye
A

Sodium Hydroxide

218
Q

– Very deliquescent, easily absorb water and CO2 from the atmosphere
– Readily attack glass
– Rapidly destroys tissue

A

Sodium Hydroxide

219
Q

Chemical property of CO3

A

Highly alkaline reaction with water

220
Q

Terrisry Sodium Phosphate

A

Tribasic Sodium Phosphate

221
Q

Pharmaceutic use of Tribasic Sodium Phosphate:

A

Chemical reagent, for cleaning glass apparatus

222
Q

Calx sodica

A

Soda Lime

223
Q

Mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH or KOH and diatomaceous earth

A

Soda Lime

224
Q

Carbon dioxide absorber

A

Soda Lime

225
Q

Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent

A

Sodium Tartrate

226
Q

Hypotensive agent

A

Sodium Thiocyanate

227
Q

– Vitamin supplement

– Antioxidant

A

Sodium Ascorbate

228
Q
  • SLS

* Sodium dodecyl sulfate

A

Sidium Lauryl Sulfate

229
Q

Pharmaceutic use of SLS:

A

Anionic Surfactant

230
Q

Disodium pyrosulfate

A

Sodium metabisulfite

231
Q

Obtained from crystallization of sodium bisulfite under SO2 atmosphere

A

Sodium Metabisulfite

232
Q

Chemical property of sulfites

A

Good reducing agent

233
Q

– Artificial sweetener
– Not approved for food use
– Causes bladder tumors in laboratory animals

A

Saccharin Sodium

Module 1 (1 decks)

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