Pharmaceutical & Cosmetis Flashcards
What is the definition of a drug according to the FDA?
A drug is a substance intended for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or a substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or function of the body.
What is the definition of a disease according to the FDA?
A disease is damage to an organ, part, structure, or system of the body that results in dysfunction, such as cardiovascular disease, or a health condition resulting in dysfunction like hypertension.
What are the two main types of diseases?
- Infectious (Communicable) Diseases: Caused by biological agents (pathogens) and transmissible between individuals.
- caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that lodge, grow, or multiply in the host body. - Non-Infectious (Non-Communicable) Diseases: Chronic conditions not caused by infectious agents, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
-Genetics: Inherited conditions related to chromosomes.
Biochemical/Environmental Factors: Examples include air pollution and secondhand smoke.
Organ/System Failure: Dysfunction in the normal functioning of an organ or organ system.
What is infection?
Infection refers to the process of lodgement and growth of a microorganism or virus in a host.
What is the drug discovery cycle?
The cycle involves understanding the mechanism of action, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of pharmaceutical compounds to develop effective medicines.
What are the three essential characteristics of antimicrobial drugs?
Efficacy in vivo and in vitro.
Minimal toxicity to the host.
Reasonable cost.
What are the five mechanisms of antimicrobial drug action?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis.
Inhibit protein synthesis.
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.
Injury to the plasma membrane.
Inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites.
What are the two types of antimicrobial action?
Bacteriostatic: Inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
Bactericidal: Kills microorganisms.
What is the difference between narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs?
Narrow-spectrum: Targets a limited range of microorganisms.
Broad-spectrum: Targets a wide range of microorganisms.
What are the two effects of combining antimicrobial drugs?
Synergistic: One drug enhances the action of another.
Antagonistic: One drug interferes with the action of another.
How do microorganisms develop resistance to antimicrobials?
Resistance develops through spontaneous mutations or the acquisition of new genes.
What are the three main types of antiviral drugs and their mechanisms?
Antiviral drugs target specific points of viral reproduction to prevent or treat viral infections.
1. Nucleoside Analogs: Mimic natural nucleosides to disrupt viral genetic material during replication.
2. Protease Inhibitors: Target viral enzymes essential for replication.
3. Interferons: Inhibit the spread of infection and enhance the immune response.
What are the three main targets of antifungal drugs?
Antifungal against fungi.
1. Fungal sterols in cell membranes.
2. Fungal cell walls.
3. Fungal nucleic acids
What are examples of agents targeting fungal sterols?
- Polyenes (e.g., Amphotericin B): Treat systemic fungal infections but are toxic to kidneys.
- Azoles (e.g., Miconazole, Fluconazole): Treat athlete’s foot and vaginal yeast infections.
What are the classifications dosage forms of pharmaceuticals?
Parenteral solutions.
Ophthalmic solutions.
Tablets, capsules, and pills.
Ointments, creams, and suppositories.
Aerosols.
Advanced drug delivery systems (e.g., nanoemulsions, nanogels).
