Pharmaceutical Care Process

Question 1

What are the steps involved in crew resource management

Answer 1

1. Maintain situational awareness
2. Understanding how we make decisions and prevent fixation errors
3. Working as a team and leadership
4. Know your environment and team
5. Communicate effectively
6. Use cognitive aids- checklists, anticipate and plan
7. Call for help
8. Debrief and learn from cases

Question 2

What is the nmeumonic for crew resource management

Answer 2

C- checklist
H- help
A- awareness
T- talk
B- biases
L- leadership and followership
E- environment and team
D- debrief

Question 3

What does situational awareness involve

Answer 3

1. Perception of the elements in the environment
2. Comprehension of the current situation
3. Projection of future status

Question 4

What is involved in perception of the elements in the environment

Answer 4

• presentation of disease
• drug history
• co-morbidities
• clinical appearance

Question 5

What does comprehension of the current situation involve

Answer 5

How does this info affect the pharmaceutical management of the patient and what is their significance

Question 6

What does projection of future status involve

Answer 6

Short term analysis of future

Question 7

What are situational awareness triggers

Answer 7

1. An action doesn’t have the expected effect
2. Confusion or uncertainty unresolved
3. Disagreement between 2 sources of information
4. Fixation on a single task
5. Leading questions
6. Displacement activities
7. Failure to adhere to accepted practice
8. Failure to react appropriately to warning signs
9. Failure to communicate effectively when taking over

Question 8

What does team working involve

Answer 8

-plan
- leadership
- followership
- time constraints
- situational awareness

Question 9

What does leadership involve

Answer 9

1. Clear goal and strategy
2. Promote clear and open communication
3. Identify and communicate priorities
4. Inspire confidence
5. Acknowledge limitations and ask for help
6. Understand personal limitations
7. Open to suggestions

Question 10

What does followership involve

Answer 10

• understanding what you are doing and why
• being clear on how you will do it

Question 11

What steps should be taken in communication when you’re concerned that someone is doing something wrong

Answer 11

P- probing
A- alerting
C- challenging
E- emergency warning

Question 12

what steps should be taken in communication when you are seeking help or making an urgent referral

Answer 12

S- situation
B- background
A- assessment
R- recommendations
R- repeat back

Question 13

what are the 3 main categories the pharmaceutical care process

Answer 13

1. adherence
2. efficacy- wrong drug, need for drug, low dose
3. safety- reaction, unnecessary drug, high dose

Question 14

what are the types of clinical reasoning

Answer 14

1. deductive- rule to conclusion
2. hypothetical deductive- hypothesis to conclusion
3. inductive- evidence to form a hypothesis/conclusion
4. abductive- effect to cause/hypothesis
5. rule based/categorical/deterministic- familiar problems/established routines to experience
6. probabilistic

Question 15

what is the concept of Bayesian thinking

Answer 15

using base rates and assigning probabilities