Pharma Exam 2

Question 1

corticosteroids

Answer 1

treatment of many inflammatory conditions.
-suppress airway inflammation
-decreased mucus secretion, decrease edema of airway mucosa, repair damaged epithelium, with subsequent reduction of airway reactivity.

Question 2

corticosteroids examples

Answer 2

one / ide
-Beclomethasone
-Fluticasone
-Mometasone
-hydrocortisone
-Budesonide
-Prednisone

Question 3

treatment and teaching for HIV medications

Answer 3

-Drugs may relieve symptoms but do not cure (HIV) infection, prevent transmission, or prevent other illnesses associated with advanced HIV infection.
-treatment requires close adherence to drug therapy regimens involving several drugs and daily doses.
-St. John’s wort may decrease blood levels of some anti-HIV medications
-echinacea may stimulate viral replication.
-Regular Blood tests- Viral Load, CD4+, CBC, Liver/Kidney function
-Take Meds on EMPTY STOMACH/ Low Fat meals

Question 4

Diphenhydramine

Answer 4

Prototype first-generation antihistamine, is effective in the relief of allergic symptoms, but has a high incidence of drowsiness and anticholinergic effects due to its lack receptor selectivity.

Question 5

cetirizine

Answer 5

Second Generation Antihistamine. Show more selectivity in H1 and H2 receptors, Causes less side effects. Crosses blood brain barrier less that first generation.

Question 6

Antihistamines

Answer 6

-Drugs that block the H1 receptors prevent or reduce most of the physiologic effects that histamine normally induces at H1 receptor sites. Thus, they:
-Inhibit smooth muscle constriction in blood vessels and the respiratory and GI tracts
-Decrease capillary permeability
-Decrease salivation and tear formation

Question 7

Steroids side effects

Answer 7

glucocorticoids - Suppress hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Cushing’s disease, increased susceptibility to infections, and mental status changes.
-corticosteroids - infections, hypertension, glucose intolerance, obesity, cosmetic changes, bone loss, growth retardation in children, cataracts, pancreatitis, peptic ulcerations, and psychiatric disturbances.

Question 8

Antibiotic

Answer 8

a drug that has the ability to kill or inhibit bacterial growth and replication; therefore, an antibiotic is an antibacterial drug. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
-bactericidal (kills the bacteria) or
-bacteriostatic (inhibits growth of the bacteria).
Cin-Penicillin

Question 9

Broad-spectrum antibiotics
narrow-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 9

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are antibacterial drugs that are effective against a wide range of bacteria,
narrow-spectrum antibiotics are those that are effective against a limited range or a specific type of bacteria. narrow-spectrum antibiotic is preferred over a broad-spectrum antibiotic, because broad-spectrum drugs are more likely to kill some normal flora, which disrupts the microbial balance - can lead to opportunistic infection

Question 10

Decongestive

Answer 10

These agents relieve nasal congestion and swelling by constricting arterioles and reducing blood flow to the nasal mucosa.
-Prototype- Pseudoephedrine acts directly on adrenergic receptors and acts indirectly by releasing norepinephrine from its storage sites. The drug produces vasoconstriction, which shrinks nasal mucosa membranes, resulting in decreased nasal congestion.

Question 11

Uses of pseudoephedrine
and side effects

Answer 11

include the temporary relief of symptoms associated with nasal congestion due to the common cold, allergies, and sinuses.
-hypotension, dysrhythmia,
impaired coordination, dizziness, excitability, headache, insomnia, restlessness, seizures, vertigo, dysuria, urinary retention, urinary difficulty, and thrombocytopenia. Some people may also experience blurred vision, tinnitus, chest tightness, dry nose, nasal congestion, and wheezing.

Question 12

Stridor

Answer 12

an abnormal, high-pitched respiratory sound produced by irregular airflow (obstructed or narrowed) in the airway. This condition indicates significant upper airway obstruction and is usually most prominent during the inspiration phase. Identifying the underlying disease process is crucial in
managing stridor symptoms.

Question 13

Allergic Rhinitis

Answer 13

inflammation of nasal mucosa caused by a type I hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled allergens.
-nasal congestion, itching, sneezing, and watery drainage. Itching of the throat, eyes, and ears often occurs as well.

Question 14

Seasonal disease
Perennial disease

Answer 14

-Seasonal disease (often called hay fever) produces acute symptoms in response to the protein components of airborne pollens from trees, grasses, and weeds, mainly in spring or fall.
-Perennial disease produces chronic symptoms in response to nonseasonal allergens such as dust mites, animal dander, and molds.

Question 15

Benadryl

Answer 15

Diphenhydramine, the prototype first-generation antihistamine- Inhibit smooth muscle constriction in blood vessels and the respiratory and GI tracts.
-Decrease capillary permeability.
-Decrease salivation and tear formation

Question 16

Theophylline

Answer 16

the prototype, be used to treat acute
-asthma attacks. - works by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, promoting bronchodilation. Additionally, the drug suppresses airway responsiveness to stimuli that trigger bronchospasm.

Question 17

Acyclovir
Ganciclovir

Answer 17

Acyclovir(Zovirax), the prototype fight-
(herpesviruses), It inhibits DNA polymerase, thus interrupting viral DNA replication. This action reduces viral shedding and prevents formation of new lesions.
Ganciclovir (Cytovene), the prototype. for the treatment of CMV infection- a type of herpesvirus. - ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA synthesis.

Question 18

Codeine and hydrocodone,

Answer 18

which are both opioid narcotics, have
-antitussive effects in relatively small doses.

Question 19

Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

Answer 19

is a naturally occurring catecholamine produced by the adrenal glands. Epinephrine is an agonist of alpha1, beta1, and beta2 receptors. - Epinephrine is recommended for the treatment of asystole

Question 20

zanamivir

Answer 20

antiviral medication – used to treat
-influenza.

Question 21

Acetylcysteine

Answer 21

(Acetadote, Cetylev), the prototype
-Mucolytics- are drugs that are used to liquefy mucus in the respiratory tract by attacking the protein bonds of the mucus.

Question 22

Ribavirin

Answer 22

(Virazole),- Prototype - a synthetic nucleoside antiviral drug, is one of the few antiviral drugs that is indicated for use in children.
- respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

Question 23

Lamivudine

Answer 23

-hepatitis B virus (HBV) The goal of therapy is to reduce the risk of transmission to others and prevent long-term complications such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.

Question 24

Montelukast

Answer 24

Asthma - prevents cysteinyl leukotrienes from binding to its receptors reducing the bronchoconstriction and ultimate inflammation caused by leukotrienes.

Question 25

Maraviroc

Answer 25

binds to the human chemokine receptor on the cell membrane. This action prevents the interaction of HIV-1 and CCR5 that is needed for HIV to enter the cell and replicate.

Question 26

Dextromethorphan

Answer 26

(Delsym) is a non-narcotic and is the antitussive prototype.

Question 27

Antitussives

Answer 27

suppress non-purposeful coughing, not productive coughing by depressing the cough center in the medulla oblongata or the cough receptors in the throat, trachea, or lungs, effectively elevating the threshold for coughing.

Question 28

Serum sickness

Answer 28

A delayed hypersensitivity reaction most often caused by drugs, such as antimicrobials. In addition, many drugs that produce anaphylaxis also produce serum sickness. With initial exposure to the antigen, symptoms usually develop within 7 to 10 days and include urticaria, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever. The reaction usually resolves within a few days but may be severe or even fatal.

Question 29

Antibiotic Side effects

Answer 29

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, recurrence of symptoms for which the antimicrobial drug was prescribed, or signs of new infection.
-Seek emergency treatment if
you have a skin rash that may include itchy, red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin
you’re wheezing you have tightness in your chest or throat you have trouble breathing or talking your mouth, face, lips, tongue or throat start swelling.

Question 30

How does albuterol work

Answer 30

A selective, short-acting, inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist, is the initial drug of choice for acute bronchospasm.
-stimulate beta2-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles. The receptors, in turn, stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to increase production of cyclic AMP. The increased cyclic AMP produces bronchodilation.

Question 31

Asthma

Answer 31

Airway smooth muscle extends from the trachea through the bronchioles. The muscle wraps around the airways in a spiral pattern, and contraction causes a sphincter type of action that can completely occlude the airway lumen. Bronchospasm (also called bronchoconstriction) involves strong muscle contractions that narrow the airways.

Question 32

The common cold

Answer 32

-a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, is the most common respiratory tract infection.
-Many types of viruses, most often the rhinovirus, cause colds. Shedding of these viruses by infected people, mainly from nasal mucosa, can result in rapid spread to others.
-Because of the way cold viruses spread, frequent and thorough hand hygiene (by both infected and uninfected people) is the most important protective and preventive measure.

Question 33

Common Cold treatment

Answer 33

-Stay hydrated.
-Rest.
-Soothe a sore throat. A saltwater gargle/lozenges
-Relieve pain-acetaminophen or ibuprofen
-OTC decongestants, antihistamines

Question 34

The immune system

Answer 34

protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and
responding to antigens. Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses,
fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such
as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy,
substances that contain antigens.

Question 35

H1 vs H2 receptors

Answer 35

-H1 receptors are located mainly on smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and the -respiratory and GI tracts
When H2 receptors are stimulated, the main effects are increased secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, increased rate and force of myocardial contraction, and decreased immunologic and proinflammatory reactions.
- H1-antihistamines are used to treat allergy symptoms.
-H2-antihistamines are used to treat gastrointestinal conditions.

Question 36

Stress

Answer 36

During a stressful event, an increase in cortisol can provide the energy required to deal with prolonged or extreme challenge. Glucocorticoids, including cortisol, are important for regulating the immune system and reducing inflammation. While this is valuable during stressful or threatening situations where injury might result in increased immune system activation, chronic stress can result in impaired communication between the immune system and the HPA axis. This impaired communication has been linked to the future development of numerous physical and mental health conditions, including chronic fatigue, metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, obesity),
depression, and immune disorders.