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pharma chemo Flashcards

1
Q

B-Lactam Antibiotics

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Carbapenems

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2
Q

mechanism of action of b lactams

A

inhibit transpeptidase enzyme» inhibit Cross-linking of peptidoglycan units →↓ Late steps in cell wall synthesis

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3
Q

inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
linezolid

buy AT 30, CELL at 50

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4
Q

what are the ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase)

A

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella peumoniae
breakdown penicillins and cephalosporins by beta lactamase

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5
Q

penicillin G

A

penicillin G is not through GIT , taken IV and IM
short duration, sensitive to b lactamase, narrow spectrum

قصير و ضيق و حساس

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6
Q

longest acting penicillin

A

Benzathine Penicillin G

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7
Q

penicillin V

A

penicillin V is not IV
taken orally

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8
Q

Penicillins resistant to staphylococcal Beta lactamase

A

meth ox clox diclox naf for staph

meth ox clox diclox naf for staph

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9
Q

adverse effect of methicillin

A

me ne
nephropathy

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10
Q

Extended spectrum epithelium

A

Ampicillin
Amoxacillin

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11
Q

anti pseudomonas penicillin

A

Carboxypenicillin
Ticarcillin

pseudo عربيات

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12
Q

ureidopenicillins uses against

A

pseudomonas, proteus and Klebsiella pneumonia

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13
Q

pencillins released in bile

A

nafcillin
ampicillin

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14
Q

Clavulanic acid + Amoxicillin

A

Co-Amoxiclav, E-Moxclav & Augmentin

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14
Q

β-Lactamase (Penicillinase) Enzymes Inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid, Avibactam Sulbactam, Tazobactam &

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15
Q

Clavulanic acid + Ticarcillin

A

Timentine

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16
Q

uses of penicillin as prohylactic in

A

Streptococcal infection in Rheumatic fever
Bacterial endocarditis
Gonorrheal neonatal ophthalmia

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17
Q

augmentin =

A

calvulanic acid+amoxicillin

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18
Q

treat superinfection of Clostridium difficil -Antibiotic associated (Pseudomembranous) colitis- caused by penicillin by……..

A

Oral Vancomycin or Metronidazole

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18
Q

treat superinfection of candida albicans caused by penicillin by……..

A

Nystatin

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19
Q

only second generation cephalosporins pass BBB

A

Cefuroxime

يفر من ب ب ب

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20
Q

from second generation cephalosporins effective for anaerobes

A

cefoxitin
cefotetan

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20
Q

Cefoperazone + Sulbactam

A

Sulprazone.

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20
Q

can bind to penicillinbinding protein 2a, a type that is expressed by MRSA. This characteristic is responsible for
its anti-MRSA activity.

A

Ceftaroline

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21
Q

Cephalosporins against pseudomonas

A

Ceftazidime Cefoperazone

pera zft

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22
Q

Cephalosporins against Gonorrhea:

A

Cephalosporins against

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23
Q

Cephalosporins against Gram-negative Meningitis

A

Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime

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24
Q

………..monobactams against……….

A

Aztreonam
aerobic gram-negative

اللي يام نفسه حلو

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25
Q

how to avoid the nephrotoxic effect of carbapenems caused by dihydropeptidase enzyme

A

Imipenem + Cilastatin = Tienam.

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25
Q

Carbapenemsis inactivated by renal tubular enzyme called …….

A

dihydropeptidase enzyme

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26
Q

uses of Carbapenems

A

used IV in serious hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections.

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27
Q

vancomycin against …….

A

Gram +ve organisms

28
Q

uses of vancomycin

A

Gram +ve organisms

29
Q

Adverse Effects of vancomycin

A

a- Ototoxic.
b- Nephrotoxic.
c- Rapid IV infusion&raquo_space; Histamine release&raquo_space;Red man syndrome & Shock.

The Van is NOT RED

30
Q

causes Red Man syndrome & shock

A

vancomycin

31
Q

mechanism of action like vancomycin but by additional mechanisms including disruption of cell membrane permeability and inhibition of RNA synthesis.

A

oritavancin

32
Q

It binds to the bacterial cell membrane leading to depolarization with potassium efflux and rapid cell death.

A

Daptomycin

32
Q

Daptomycin moa

A

It binds to the bacterial cell membrane leading to depolarization with potassium efflux and rapid cell death.

33
Q

side effects of Daptomycin

A

myopathy

34
Q

is highly nephrotoxic when
administered systemically and is only :
used topically.

A

Bacitracin

35
Q

Fosfomycin

A

Inhibits early steps of cell wall synthesis
safe in pregnancy

35
Q

Uses of Aminoglycosides

A

systemically used in serious gram-negative infections (Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter & Serratia), and Staphylococcal & Enterococcal infections.

topically neomycin or gentamicin (Cream, ointment or Solution) in burns, wounds & skin lesions.
Oral neomycin for gut de-contamination:

36
Q

Toxicity of Aminoglycosides:

A

Nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity (irreversible)
teratogenicity
neuromuscular blocker

NOT neuromuscular blocker

37
Q

tetracycline absorption

A

Absorption is decreased by milk, Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+ & Al3— Chelation of tetracyclines.

38
Q

w

Therapeutic Uses of Tetracyclines:

A
  • Chlamydia rickettsia and Mycoplasma infections.
  • Mixed bacterial infections of, the respiratory tract (bronchiitis, sinusitis).
  • Venereal disease: e.g. syphilis, gonorrhea-in-penicillin-sensitive-patients.
  • Cholera: ttt & prophylaxis.
  • Amoebic dysentery
  • Acne
39
Q

doxycycline excreted in

159

A

stool

40
Q

Side effects & Toxicity of Tetracyclines:

A
  1. Teeth & Bone Abnormalities:
    a. Teeth: Permanent yellow-brown discoloration & Enamel dysplasia.
    b. Bone: Deformity & inhibition of growth.
  2. Teratogenecity
  3. Hepatotoxicity
  4. Nephrotoxicity
41
Q

Minocycline excreted in

159

A

Tears, Saliva, Milk, Bile,
Stool & Urine

42
Q

causes fanconi syndrome

A

Tetracyclin

43
Q

Adverse Effects of Chloramphenicol:

A

Bone Marrow Inhibition
Gray Baby Syndrome:

44
Q

marcolide antibiotics

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Fidaxomicin

45
Q

antibiotics effective against helicobacter pylori

A

Clarithromycin

46
Q

marcolide Effective in respiratory infections due to Haemophilus influenza

A

Azithromycin

47
Q

marcolide Effective in Cl. difficle

A

Fidaxomicin

48
Q

drug of CHOICE in Bordetella pertussis.

A

Macrolides

48
Q

Drug of CHOICE in corynebactrial infections e.g. Diphtheria.

A

Macrolides

49
Q

Drug of CHOICE in Chlamydial infection: Respiratory, Genital & ocular. Specially in Neonates & Pregnancy.

A

Macrolides

50
Q

Drug of CHOICE in Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma & Legionella.

A

Macrolides

51
Q

Adverse Effects of Macrolides:

A

. Cholestatic jaundice.
. Large doses of erythromycin — Reversible Ototoxicity.
. Drug Interactions:
. Erythromycin & Clarithromycin (NOT Azithromycin) inhibit Cytochrome P 450 —» decrease Metabolism of Theophylline, Carbamazepine & Warfarin — Toxic concentrations.
Erythromycin inhibit intestinal flora — inhibit Metabolism of Digoxin — increase Its Absorption.

52
Q

inhibit Metabolism of Digoxin — increase Its Absorption

A

Erythromycin

53
Q

antibiotic causes cholestatic jaundice

A

erythromycin

54
Q

Therapeutic uses of Clindamycin:

A
  1. Bone & Teeth infections.
  2. Intra-abdominal Anaerobic infections (Add Aminoglycosides)
  3. Locally in acne vulgaris.
54
Q

Adverse Effects of Clindamyegin:

A
  1. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile) treated by Vancomycin or Metronidazole.
  2. GIT disturbances
  3. Impaired Liver function.
55
Q

Useful in drug resistant gram-positive cocci including vancomycin-resistant enterococci,

A

Linezolide

55
Q

Useful in resistance enterococci & MRSA & VRSA

A

Streptogramin (30% Quinupristin + 70% Dalfopristin)

56
Q

moa of quinolones

A

Bactericidal
inhibit Bacterial Topoisomerase Il (DNA gyrase) & Topoisomerase IV enzymes Inhibition of DNA gyrase prevents the relaxation of supercoiled DNA required for normal transcription and replication.

57
Q

FEirst Generation Quinolones:

A

Nalidixic acid

58
Q

Third Generation Fluoroguinolonés:

A

Levofloxacin(Tavanic) & Moxifloxacin

58
Q

Second Generation Fluoroguinolones:

A

NOC
Norfloxaxin
Ofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin

59
Q

Therapeutic uses of Quinolones

A

Infections of the urogenital & GIT tract caused by gram negative organisms.
Respiratory, skin & soft tissue infection.
Gonorrhea
Resistant T.B
Typical & atypical pneumonia

tract and TB

60
Q

Adverse Effects of quinolones

A

Photosensitivity
Chondrolytic— Reversible arthropathy — Avoid in pregnancy, lactation and in children up to age of 18 years.
Rupture of tendons
The 3 generation may cause prolongation of Q-T interval

the quinlones affect what attracted to bones

61
Q

sulfonamides Useful in Meningococcal meningitis.

A

Sulphadiazine

62
Q

sulfonamides Useful In bacillary dysentery.

A

Sulfaguanidine.
Sulphathalidine.

63
Q

sulfonamides Useful in Ulcertaive colitis.

A

Sulphasalazine

64
Q

Adverse Effects of Sulfonamides

A

Allergy (Hypersensitivity):
Blood dyscrasias:
Crystaluria
Diarrhea
Damage
Displace bilirubin&raquo_space; Kermnictrus.
Drug Interactions:
a. Displace Warfarin & Tolbutamide — Initial increase in their activity.
b. Methenamine — Releases Formaldehyde — Inactivates Sulfa.

64
Q

Sulphonamides for Topical Use:Eye infections

A

Sulphacetamide

65
Q

Contraindications of sulphonamides

A

a. Infants < 2 months - Kernictrus.
b. Pregnancy and lactation - Kernictrus.
c. Creatinine clearance < 15 ml / min.

66
Q

moa of sulfonamides

A
  • Compete with PABA&raquo_space; inhibit Dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) —{ Folic acid synthesis. Folic acid is essential for synthesis of bacterial purines & DNA.
  • Synergists: Inhibitors of DHFR e.g. Trimethoprim — Sequential block.
67
Q
A

Pharma (7 decks)

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