Pharma Flashcards
1
Q
Name the first generation antihistamine which are sedative
Remember CD3
A
chlorpheniramine
Diphenhydramine
dimenhydrinate
And doxylamine.
2
Q
What are the clinical indication for first generation antihistamine?
A
Allergy
motion sickness
sleep aid.
3
Q
Name the antihistamine which are less sedative
A
Loratadine
fexofenadine
desloratadine
cetirizine
4
Q
Name the anti tussive which doesn’t suppress cough reflex
A
Guaifenesin (Expectorant-thins respiratory secretions)
5
Q
Name the anti tussive which antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors
A
Dextromethorphan
6
Q
What is the anti tussive drug which cause serotonin syndrome if adds with serotonergic agents.
A
Dextromethorphan
7
Q
What are the nasal decongestant drugs?
A
Pseudoephedrine
phenylephrine
8
Q
Name the Pulmonary HTN drugs which causing jaw pain
A
Prostacyclin analogs (epoprostenol, iloprost)
9
Q
Name the long acting beta agonist used as a prophylaxis in asthma
A
Salmeterol
formoterol
10
Q
What is the first line therapy for chronic asthma?
A
Inhaled corticosteroid (Fluticasone, budesonide)
11
Q
Name the Muscarinic antagonists used for asthma
A
Tiotropium
ipratropium
12
Q
Name the medicine used for aspirin-induced and exercise-induced asthma
A
Montelukast
zafirlukast
13
Q
Important information for Asthma
A
Anti-lgE monoclonal therapy Used in allergic asthma with increased IgE levels resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting B2 agonists.
14
Q
Name the medicine for Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness)
A
Minoxidil (Direct arteriolar vasodilator)
15
Q
Important information
A
(blue-tinted vision) due to Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (Sildenafil)
16
Q
On which receptor Tamsulosin acts?
A
Selective for a1A/D receptors (found on prostate) vs vascular a1B receptors.
17
Q
Name the medicine used to t/m for Prostate carcinoma
A
Flutamide (Nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors)
18
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole To block androgen action?
A
Inhibits steroid synthesis (inhibits 17,20 desmolase/l 7a-hyd roxylase).
19
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Spironolactone To block androgen action?
A
Inhibits steroid binding, 17,20 desmolase/17 alpha hydroxylase
20
Q
What are clinical use of Danazol?
A
Endometriosis
hereditary angioedema.
21
Q
Name the drug which is partial agonist at androgen receptors
A
Danazol
22
Q
What are side effects of Danazol?
A
Weight gain, edema
acne, hirsutism
masculinization, Decreases HDL levels, hepatotoxicity
idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
23
Q
What are the tocolytics agent?
A
Beta receptor agonist
CCB (Nifedipine)
NASID (Indomethacin)
24
Q
What are the clinical uses of Leuprolide?
Remember UP PIE
A
Uterine fibroids,
precocious puberty
prostate cancer
endometriosis
infertility.
25
What is the MOA of Leuprolide?
Act on GnRH receptor
26
What are the side effects of Leuprolide?
Hypogonadism
Decreases libido
erectile dysfunction
27
What are the contraindications of synthetic Estrogen?
ER positive breast cancer
history of DVTs
tobacco use in women> 35 years old.
28
What are the side effects of Synthetic estrogen?
Increase risk of endometrial cancer (when given without progesterone)
bleeding in postmenopausal women
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina in females exposed to DES in utero
Increase risk of thrombi.
29
How Clomiphene uses for infertility due to anovulation ?
Prevents normal feedback inhibition and increase release of LH and FSH from pituitary, which stimulates ovulation.
30
Name the SERM agonist at bone?
Tamoxifen
| Raloxifine
31
Difference b/w Raloxifine and Tamoxifen
Both are breast antagonist so use in breast cancer
| But Raloxifine also use in endometrial cancer
32
Which SERM used for osteoporosis?
Raloxifine
33
What are d/f mechanism of Progestin?
Bind progesterone receptors
Decrease growth and increase vascularization of endometrium
thicken cervical mucus.
34
Name the antiprogestin used as emergency contraception
ulipristal
35
What are the contraindications of combined contraception?
smokers> 35 years old (increases risk of cardiovascular events),
- patients with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (including history of venous thromboembolism, coronary artery disease, stroke}
- migraine (especially with aura),
- breast cancer
- liver disease.
36
What contraceptive is effective emergency contraception?
Copper intrauterine device
37
What is the MOA of Copper intrauterine device?
Produces local inflammatory reaction toxic to sperm and ova,
preventing fertilization and implantation; hormone free.
38
What are the contraindications of Aliskiren?
Relatively contraindicated in patients already taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs
contraindicated in pregnancy.
39
What is the mechanism of action Aliskiren?
Direct renin inhibitor results no production of angiotensin 1
40
What is the MOA of Amiloride and Triamterene?
block Na+ channels in cortical collecting tubule
41
What are the clinical uses of Potassium soaring diuretics?
Hyperaldosteronism
K+ depletion
```
Heart failure
hepatic ascites (spironolactone)
```
```
nephrogenic DI (amiloride}
antiandrogen.
```
42
What are the clinical uses of Thiazides?
Hypertension
HF
idiopathic hypercalciuria
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, osteoporosis.
Important information for thiazide
hyperGlycemia and hyperLipidemia
43
What are the contraindications of mannitol?
Anuria
Heart failure
Pulmonary Edema
44
What are the clinical uses of mannitol?
Drug overdose
| elevated intracranial/intraocular pressure.
45
Name the diuretics given in altitude sickness and idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Carbonic anhydrase Inhibitors
46
What are the d/f types of Laxatives?
| Remember BOSE
B Bulk-forming laxatives
O osmotic laxatives
S stimulants
E Emollients
47
What is mechanism of Emollient (Docusate) as a laxatives?
Promotes incorporation of water and fat into stool
48
What is mechanism of Stimulants(Senna as a laxatives?
Enteric nerve stimulation results colonic contraction
49
Name the laxatives which causes melanosis coli
Stimulants (Senna)
50
What is mechanism of Bulk forming (Psyllium, methylcellulose) as a
Laxatives?
Soluble fibers draw water into gut lumen, forming a viscous liquid that promotes peristalsis
51
What is mechanism of Osmotic laxative as a laxatives?
Provides osmotic load to draw water into GI lumen
52
What are the d/f types of Osmotic laxatives?
Magnesium hydroxide
magnesium citrate
polyethylene glycol
lactulose
53
What is MOA of Aprepitant?
Blocks NK1 (neurokinin-1) receptors in brain.
Substance P antagonist
54
What is the clinical use of Aprepitant?
Antiemetic for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
55
Name the medicine given in post operative vomiting
Ondansetron serotonin receptor antagonist
| Also given in chemotherapy induced vomiting
56
What are clinical use of Metoclopramide?
Diabetic and postoperative gastroparesis, antiemetic
| persistent GERD.
57
What are the contraindications of Metoclopramide?
In patients with small bowel obstruction or
Parkinson disease (due to D2-receptor blockade).
58
What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?
Agonist at µ-opioid receptors result slowing gut motility
59
Important information of H2 blockers
Both cimetidine and ranitidine decrease renal excretion of creatinine.
60
What are the clinical uses of PPI?
Peptic ulcer
gastritis esophageal reflux
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
component of therapy for H pylori
stress ulcer prophylaxis
61
What renal side effects will occur if PPI used?
Acute interstitial nephritis
62
Absorption of which ions will decrease if PPI used?
Calcium and Magnesium
63
What is the “common” side effects of all antacids?
Hypokalaemia
64
What are the clinical side effects of Aluminium hydroxide?
| Remember CHOPS
```
Constipation
Hypophosphatemia
Osteodystrophy
Proximal muscle weakness
Seizures
```
65
Why Bismuth and sucralfate not given with PPI and H2 blockers?
B/c both drugs need acidic environment to show their action
66
What are the clinical uses of Bismuth and Sucralfate?
Increase ulcer healing
| Traveler diarrhoea
67
Name the drug given in NASID induced PUD
Misoprostol
68
What reproductive issues occur in Male with the usage of Sulfasalazine?
Reversible oligospermia
69
What are medication given for HTN in pregnancy?
hydralazine
labetalol
methyldopa
nifedipine.
70
What medication not to be used for HTN in asthma?
Non selective BB
| ACEI
71
Important information for HTN with DM
B-blockers can mask hypoglycemia symptoms
| use with caution.
72
Important information for HTN with Heart failure
B-blockers must be used cautiously in decompensated HF and
| are contraindicated in cardiogenic shock.
73
Name the CCB used for Sub arachnoid Haemorrhage
Nimodipine used to prevent cerebral vasospasm
74
What CCB can be used for HTN urgency and emergency?
Nicardipine
| clevidipine
75
What endocrine side effect will occur if Non dihydropyridines used?
Hyper prolactinemia
76
What medications can be used for HTN emergency?
clevidipine, fenoldopam,
labetalol, nicardipine,
nitroprusside.
77
What medication can be used to t/m post operative HTN?
Fenoldopam
78
What are the clinical uses of Nitrates?
Angina
acute coronary syndrome
pulmonary Edema
79
Important information for Nitrates
Contraindicated in right ventricular infarction.
80
What is the MOA of Ranolazine?
Inhibits the late phase of sodium current thereby reducing diastolic wall tension and oxygen consumption
81
What is the clinical use of Ranolazine?
Angina refractory to other medical therapies
82
Important information for Milrinone
It’s positive chronotropy and inotropy
83
What is the MOA of Sacubitril?
Prevents degradation of natriuretic peptides, angiotensin II, and substance P by neprilysin
Result increases vasodilation, And decrease ECF volume.
84
What is the clinical use of Sacubitril?
Used in combination with an ARB (valsartan) for treatment of HFrEF
85
Why Sacubitril not used with ACEI?
B/c of angioedema
86
What lipid lowering agent can cause delirium, dementia, other neurocognitive effects?
PCSK9 inhibitors Alirocumab, evolocumab
87
Important information of lipid lowering agents
Only Nacin increases HDL in significant amount
| All decreases LDL except fibrates
88
What medications decreases the clearance of Digoxin?
verapamil
amiodarone
quinidine
89
What is the MOA of lvabradine?
prolongs slow depolarization (phase "IV") by selectively inhibiting "funny" sodium channels
90
What is the clinical use of Ivabradine?
Chronic stable angina in patients who cannot take Bblockers.
Chronic HFrEF.
91
What is the MOA of Rasburicase?
Catalyzes metabolism of uric acid to allantoin
92
What is the clinical use of Rasburicase?
Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome.
93
Name the medications given in Malignant melanoma
Dabrafenib
| vemurafenib
94
What is the MOA of Dabrafenib?
Small molecule inhibitors of BRAF oncogene positive melanoma
95
How to t/m HER2 positive breast Cancer?
Trastuzumab
96
Which GIT cancer can be t/m by Trastuzumab?
Gastric cancer
97
What cardiac side effects occur with the usage of Trastuzumab?
Cardiotoxicity Viz dilated cardiomyopathy
98
What is the side effects of Rituximab?
Increases risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
99
Name the medication given in CML and GIST
lmatinib
| dasatinib
100
Name the medication which are monoclonal antibody against EGFR
Cetuximab
| panitumumab
101
What are the clinical uses of Cetuximab and panitumumab?
Head and neck cancer
| Stage 4 CRC wild type KRAS
102
What is the MOA of Erlotinib?
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
103
What is the MOA of BeVacizumab?
Monoclonal antibody against VEGF results Inhibits angiogenesis
104
What are the clinical uses of BeVacizumab?
```
Solid tumors (eg, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma)
wet age-related macular degeneration.
```
105
What is the MOA of Hydroxyurea?
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase result decrease DNA synthesis (S phase specific)
106
What is the main side effect of Hydroxyurea?
Myelosupression
107
Name the medications which block topoisomerase I and prevent DNA unwinding and replication
lrinotecan
| topotecan
108
What are the clinical uses of lrinotecan and topotecan?
```
Colon cancer (irinotecan);
ovarian and small cell lung cancers (topotecan)
```
109
Name the medication which inhibits topoisomerase II Result increases DNA degradation
Etoposide
| teniposide
110
What is the main clinical use of Etoposide and teniposide?
Solid tumors (particularly testicular and small cell lung cancer)
111
How to prevent nephrotoxicity occurs due to cisplatin or Carboplatin?
```
amifostine (free radical scavenger)
And chloride (saline) diuresis.
```
112
What is the clinical use of Busulfan?
Used to ablate patient's bone marrow before bone marrow transplantation
113
What is the MOA of Busulfan?
Cross-links DNA
114
Name the alkylating agents which t/m Brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme).
Nitrosoureas (eg, carmustine, lomustine)
115
What is the MOA of Nitrosoureas?
| Require bioactivation.
Cross blood-brain barrier —>CNS.
| Cross-link DNA
116
Name the alkylating agent which cause disulfiram-like reaction
Procarbazine
117
What is the MOA of Bleomycin?
Induces free radical formation—->breaks in DNA strands.
118
What is the MOA of Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)?
Intercalates into DNA, preventing RNA synthesis.
119
Name the childhood Tumors t/m by Dactinomycin
Wilms tumor
Ewing sarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
120
Name the drug given in Hairy cell leukaemia
Cladribine
121
Name the drug which produce palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand-foot syndrome ).
5-fluorouracil
122
What skin cancers t/m by 5 fluorouracil?
actinic keratosis
| basal cell carcinoma (topical).
123
Name the drug which inhibits Glycoprotein 2b/3A receptors on platelets
Remember TEA
tirofiban
eptifibatide,
Abciximab
124
Clinical indications for Glycoprotein 2b/3A receptors on platelets inhibitors
Unstable angina
| percutaneous coronary intervention.
125
What is the MOA of Cilostazol and dipyridamole?
Increase in cAMP in platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation; vasodilators.
126
Clinical uses of Cilostazol and dipyridamole
Intermittent claudication
coronary vasodilation (dipyridamole used for cardiac stress testing)
prevention of stroke or TIAs (combined with aspirin).
127
Name the drugs which inhibits ADP receptor on platelets
| Remember PCT
Clopidogrel
prasugrel
ticagrelor (reversible)
ticlopidine.
128
Clinical uses of ADP receptors inhibitors on platelets
Acute coronary syndrome;
coronary stenting.
Decrease incidence or recurrence of thrombotic stroke.
129
Clinical indications for Factor X inhibitors
Treatment and prophylaxis for DVT and PE;
| stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation.
130
Name the drug which inhibits thrombin
| Remember BAD
Bivalirudin
Argatroban
Dabigatran
131
What is the MOA of Ethosuximide?
Blocks thalamic T-type Ca2 channels
132
What is the first line anti epileptic drug for Status epileptics?
Benzodiazepines
133
How to t/m recurrent Status epileptics?
Phenytoin
| Fosphenytoin
134
What are the other uses of Gabapentin beside epilepsy?
peripheral neuropathy
| postherpetic neuralgia
135
What is the MOA of Gabapentin?
Primarily inhibits high-voltage activated calcium channels
136
What is the MOA of lamotrigine?
Blocks voltage-gated Na• channel
| inhibits the release glutamate
137
Name the anti epileptic drugs causing hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis
| lamotrigine
138
What is the MOA of Levetiracetam?
may modulate GABA and glutamate release, inhibit voltage-gated Ca2 channels
139
What main side effects occur with the usage of Levetiracetam?
Neuropsychiatric symptoms
140
What is the MOA of Phenytoin?
Block Sodium channels
141
What are the side effects of phenytoin?
Remember PHENYTOIN
```
P-450 induction
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-brown skin
Teratogenicity (fetal hydantoin syndrome), Osteopenia
Inhibited folate absorption
Neuropathy
```
142
What is the MOA of Topiramate?
Block sodium channels
| Increases GABA action
143
What are the side effects of Topiramate?
| 6S
```
Sedation
slow cognition,
stones in kidney
skinny (weight prophylaxis loss)
sight threatened (glaucoma)
speech (word-finding) difficulties
```
144
What is the MOA of Valproic acid?
Increase sodium channel inactivation
Increases GABA concentration by inhibiting GABA transminase
145
What are the main side effects of Valproic acid?
Neural tube defects
Tremors
Weight gain
Pancreatitis
146
What is the MOA of Vigabatrin?
Increases GABA
| Irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor
147
What is the main side effect of Vigabatrin?
Permanent vision loss
148
Which type of seizure t/m by carbamazepine?
Partial seizure
149
Name the two main anti epileptic drugs t/m generalised tonic clonic seizure
Phenytoin
| Valproic acid
150
What is the main contraindications of barbiturates?
porphyria
151
What are short acting benzodiazepines?
Alprazolam
Triazolam
Oxazepam
Midazolam
152
What benzodiazepine can be used even patients have liver disease?
Remember LOT
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
153
What is the MOA of Suvorexant?
Orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonist.
154
Clinical use of Suvorexant
Insomnia
155
What is the first line medicines for Alzheimer’s disease?
```
AChE inhibitor ( Donepezil
rivastigmine, galantamine )
```
156
What is the mechanism of Memantine?
NMDA receptor antagonist; helps prevent excitotoxicity (mediated by Ca2+).
157
How Riluzole t/m ALS?
Decrease neuron glutamate excitotoxicity.
158
Name the medication given in Huntington disease?
Tetrabenazine ( Inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) —> decreases dopamine vesicle packaging and release )
159
What is the MOA of ketamine?
NMDA receptor antagonist.
160
Name the IV anaesthetic which increases cerebral blood flow and cause vivid dreams
Ketamine
161
Name the IV anaesthetic which can be used as ICU sedation
Propofol
162
Name the IV anaesthetic which can cause anterograde amnesia
Midazolam
163
Why adrenaline is given with local anaesthesia?
To decrease bleeding
| And increased anaesthesia at site of action by vasoconstriction
164
Name the local anaesthesia which cause CVS toxicity
bupivacaine
165
Name the local anaesthesia which cause methemoglobinemia
benzocaine
166
How to reverse the action of Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs?
ACEI with atropine or glycopyrrolate(to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia)
167
What is the MOA of Baclofen?
GABA (B) receptor agonist in spinal cord
168
What are the clinical uses Baclofen?
Multiple sclerosis
Dystonia
Muscle spasticity
169
What is the MOA of Cyclobenzaprine?
Acts within CNS mainly at the brain stem
170
What is the MOA of Tizanidine?
Alpha2 agonist act centrally
171
Clinical uses of Tizanidine
Muscle spasticity
multiple sclerosis
ALS
cerebral palsy.
172
Name the full agonist opioid
morphine, heroin
meperidine, methadone
codeine.
173
Name the partial agonist opioid
buprenorphine
174
Name the Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid
nalbuphine
pentazocine
butorphanol.
175
Name the Antagonists of opioids
naloxone
naltrexone
methylnaltrexone.
176
Name the side effects of opioid to which tolerance doesn’t develop
Miosis
| Constipation
177
All opioid cause miosis except;
meperidine
178
What are the contraindications of Suvorexant?
Narcolepsy
| Liver diseases
179
What is the MOA of Ramelteon?
Melatonin receptor agonist; binds MT1 and MT2 in suprachiasmatic nucleus.
180
Clinical use of Ramelteon
Insomnia
181
Name the drug which decreases phosphate absorption from GI tract
Sevelamer
182
What is the use of Sevelamer?
Hyperphosphatemia in CKD
183
What is the mechanism of action of Cinacalet?
Sensitizes Ca2+_sensing receptor (CaSR) in parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+ results in decrease of PTH
184
Clinical indications for Cinacalet
2o hyperparathyroidism in CKD, hypercalcemia in 1o hyperparathyroidism (if parathyroidectomy fails)
or
in parathyroid carcinoma.
185
What are the uses of Desmopressin?
Central DI,
von Willebrand disease,
sleep enuresis,
hemophilia A.
186
Main uses of Regular insulin
DKA (IV),
hyperkalemia (+glucose),
stress hyperglycemia.
187
Name the injectable insulin which doesn't achieve peak
Long acting (no real peak)
detemir,
glargine
188
Name the drugs which Inhibit intestinal brush-border a-glucosidases
Acarbose,
miglitol
*Remember not given if kidneys are impaired
189
Name the drugs which inhibit Sodium Glucose Co transporter 2 in kidneys
Canagliflozin,
dapagliflozin,
empagliflozin
190
What are the side effects of "Gliflozin"?
```
Glucosuria
UTis
vaginal yeast infections
hyperkalemia
dehydration (orthostatic hypotension), weight loss.
```
191
Name the oral drugs for diabetes avoided in Heart failure patients
Glitazones/ thiazolidinediones
192
Name the oral drugs for diabetes which inhibits Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme that deactivates GLP-I
Remember Gliptin
Linagliptin
saxagliptin
sitagliptin
193
What nutritional deficiency would occu with the usage of Metformin?
B12 Deficiency
194
Drugs included in 1st generation sulfonylureas
1st generation:
| chlorpropamide, tolbutamide
195
Drugs included in 2nd generation
Sulfonylureas
Remember 3Gs
2nd generation:
glimepiride,
glipizide
glyburide
196
Which generation of sulfonylureas causes disulfiram-like reactions and Hypoglycemia?
First generation causes disulfiram-like reactions
| 2nd generation cause hypoglycemia
197
Which oral drug for diabetes has same MOA as sulfonylureas?
Meglitinides:
| Nateglinide, repaglinide
198
What oral agents for diabetes would cause these actions?
Decrease glucagon release
decrease gastric emptying
increase satiety.
Amylin analogs (Pramlintide)
GLP-1 analogs (Exenatide, liraglutide)
DPP-4 inhibitors (Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin)
199
Name the oral agent for diabetes which causes "Weight Loss"
GLP-1 analogs (Exenatide, liraglutide)
And
Metformin
200
Name the oral agent for Diabetes which causes "Weight Gain"
Glitazones
| Sulfonylureas
201
What medicine to use to reverse the bleeding cause by dabigatran?
idarucizumab
202
What are the clinical uses of Anti TNF alpha Antibody drugs?
| Remember PAIR
Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
203
Important point
Any kind of NASID will decrease excretionof uric acid in Low dose
204
What is the MOA of Pegloticase?
6-MP. Recombinant uricase catalyzing uric acid to allantoin (a more water-soluble product).
205
How Teriparatide helpful in Osteoporosis?
Increase osteoblastic activity when administered in pulsatile fashion
206
What are the contraindications of Teriparatide?
Osteosarcoma
| Past Hx of Cancer Or Radiation therapy
207
What is the MOA of Bisphosphonate?
Bind hydroxyapatite in bone, inhibiting osteoclast activity.
208
Clinical indications of Bisphosphonate
Osteoporosis
hypercalcemia
Paget disease of bone
metastatic bone disease
osteogenesis imperfecta
209
Which enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis inhibit by Leflunomide?
Reversibly inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
210
Name the NASID which only inhibits Celecoxib
COX-2
211
Name the NASID which ""irreversibly"" inhibit both COX 1 and COX2
Aspirin
212
Important information regarding NASID
All NASIDS reversibily inhibit both enzyme COX 1 and 2 except ASPIRIN
213
At what dose of aspirin inhibit platelets aggregation?
Less than 300mg/day
214
At what dose aspirin act as antipyretics and analgesics?
300-2400mg/day
215
At what dose aspirin act as anti- inflammatory?
2400-4000mg/day
216
What are medications which decrease aqueous Humour production?
Remember BAD
B beta blocker
A alpha agonist
D Diuretic
217
Name the beta blockers used for Glaucoma
Timolol
betaxolol
carteolol
218
Name the alpha agonist drugs used for Glaucoma
Epinephrine (a1)
| apraclonidine, brimonidine (a2)
219
What medications are totally contraindicated in close angle glaucoma?
Drugs which increase the size of pupil (Mydriasis)
220
How prostaglandins treat glaucoma?
Increase outflow of aqueous humor via decreasing the resistance of flow through uveoscleral pathway.
221
Name the prostaglandins used for Glaucoma.
Bimatoprost
| latanoprost
222
What are the ocular side effects occur due to use of Prostaglandins?
Darkens color of iris (browning)
| eyelash growth
223
How Cholinomimetics agents treat glaucoma?
Increase outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
224
Important information regarding pilocarpine
Use pilocarpine in acute angle closure glaucoma-very effective at opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm
225
What is the MOA of Metronidazole?
Forms toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA
226
Why Daptomycin not used in pneumonia?
Not used for pneumonia (avidly binds to and is inactivated by surfactant)
227
What are the Clinical use of Daptomycin?
S aureus skin infections (especially MRSA), bacteremia
enclocarditis
VRE
228
Name the Quinolones which can be used in Respiratory infections
gemifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin.
229
Clinical uses of Quinolones
Gram -ve rods of urinary and CI tracts (including Pseudomonas),
some gram +ve organisms
otitis externa.
230
What are the contraindications of Quinolones?
pregnant women
nursing mothers
and children< 18 years old clue to possible damage to cartilage.
Some may prolong QT interval.
231
Important information about Quinolones
Not to give this drug in patient taking steroids Or age more than >60 yrs because of risk of tendon rupture Or tendonitis
232
What are the mechanism of resistance of Quinolones?
Chromosome-encoded mutation in DNA gyrase
plasmid mediated resistance
efflux pumps.
233
How to avoid the hematological side effects of Trimethoprim?
Add leucovorin
234
Against which organisms Trimethoprim can be used as prophylaxis?
Pneumocystis jirovecii
| Toxoplasmosis
235
What antibiotic can cause methamaglobinemia?
Dapsone
236
What are the different mechanisms of resistance of sulfonamide?
Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthase)
Deceased uptake,
Increase PABA synthesis.
