Pharma Flashcards
Name the first generation antihistamine which are sedative
Remember CD3
chlorpheniramine
Diphenhydramine
dimenhydrinate
And doxylamine.
What are the clinical indication for first generation antihistamine?
Allergy
motion sickness
sleep aid.
Name the antihistamine which are less sedative
Loratadine
fexofenadine
desloratadine
cetirizine
Name the anti tussive which doesn’t suppress cough reflex
Guaifenesin (Expectorant-thins respiratory secretions)
Name the anti tussive which antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors
Dextromethorphan
What is the anti tussive drug which cause serotonin syndrome if adds with serotonergic agents.
Dextromethorphan
What are the nasal decongestant drugs?
Pseudoephedrine
phenylephrine
Name the Pulmonary HTN drugs which causing jaw pain
Prostacyclin analogs (epoprostenol, iloprost)
Name the long acting beta agonist used as a prophylaxis in asthma
Salmeterol
formoterol
What is the first line therapy for chronic asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroid (Fluticasone, budesonide)
Name the Muscarinic antagonists used for asthma
Tiotropium
ipratropium
Name the medicine used for aspirin-induced and exercise-induced asthma
Montelukast
zafirlukast
Important information for Asthma
Anti-lgE monoclonal therapy Used in allergic asthma with increased IgE levels resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting B2 agonists.
Name the medicine for Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness)
Minoxidil (Direct arteriolar vasodilator)
Important information
(blue-tinted vision) due to Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (Sildenafil)
On which receptor Tamsulosin acts?
Selective for a1A/D receptors (found on prostate) vs vascular a1B receptors.
Name the medicine used to t/m for Prostate carcinoma
Flutamide (Nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors)
What is the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole To block androgen action?
Inhibits steroid synthesis (inhibits 17,20 desmolase/l 7a-hyd roxylase).
What is the mechanism of action of Spironolactone To block androgen action?
Inhibits steroid binding, 17,20 desmolase/17 alpha hydroxylase
What are clinical use of Danazol?
Endometriosis
hereditary angioedema.
Name the drug which is partial agonist at androgen receptors
Danazol
What are side effects of Danazol?
Weight gain, edema
acne, hirsutism
masculinization, Decreases HDL levels, hepatotoxicity
idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
What are the tocolytics agent?
Beta receptor agonist
CCB (Nifedipine)
NASID (Indomethacin)
What are the clinical uses of Leuprolide?
Remember UP PIE
Uterine fibroids,
precocious puberty
prostate cancer
endometriosis
infertility.
What is the MOA of Leuprolide?
Act on GnRH receptor
What are the side effects of Leuprolide?
Hypogonadism
Decreases libido
erectile dysfunction
What are the contraindications of synthetic Estrogen?
ER positive breast cancer
history of DVTs
tobacco use in women> 35 years old.
What are the side effects of Synthetic estrogen?
Increase risk of endometrial cancer (when given without progesterone)
bleeding in postmenopausal women
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina in females exposed to DES in utero
Increase risk of thrombi.
How Clomiphene uses for infertility due to anovulation ?
Prevents normal feedback inhibition and increase release of LH and FSH from pituitary, which stimulates ovulation.
Name the SERM agonist at bone?
Tamoxifen
Raloxifine
Difference b/w Raloxifine and Tamoxifen
Both are breast antagonist so use in breast cancer
But Raloxifine also use in endometrial cancer
Which SERM used for osteoporosis?
Raloxifine
What are d/f mechanism of Progestin?
Bind progesterone receptors
Decrease growth and increase vascularization of endometrium
thicken cervical mucus.
Name the antiprogestin used as emergency contraception
ulipristal
What are the contraindications of combined contraception?
smokers> 35 years old (increases risk of cardiovascular events),
- patients with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (including history of venous thromboembolism, coronary artery disease, stroke}
- migraine (especially with aura),
- breast cancer
- liver disease.
What contraceptive is effective emergency contraception?
Copper intrauterine device
What is the MOA of Copper intrauterine device?
Produces local inflammatory reaction toxic to sperm and ova,
preventing fertilization and implantation; hormone free.
What are the contraindications of Aliskiren?
Relatively contraindicated in patients already taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs
contraindicated in pregnancy.
What is the mechanism of action Aliskiren?
Direct renin inhibitor results no production of angiotensin 1
What is the MOA of Amiloride and Triamterene?
block Na+ channels in cortical collecting tubule
What are the clinical uses of Potassium soaring diuretics?
Hyperaldosteronism
K+ depletion
Heart failure hepatic ascites (spironolactone)
nephrogenic DI (amiloride} antiandrogen.
What are the clinical uses of Thiazides?
Hypertension
HF
idiopathic hypercalciuria
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, osteoporosis.
Important information for thiazide
hyperGlycemia and hyperLipidemia
What are the contraindications of mannitol?
Anuria
Heart failure
Pulmonary Edema
What are the clinical uses of mannitol?
Drug overdose
elevated intracranial/intraocular pressure.
Name the diuretics given in altitude sickness and idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Carbonic anhydrase Inhibitors
What are the d/f types of Laxatives?
Remember BOSE
B Bulk-forming laxatives
O osmotic laxatives
S stimulants
E Emollients
What is mechanism of Emollient (Docusate) as a laxatives?
Promotes incorporation of water and fat into stool
What is mechanism of Stimulants(Senna as a laxatives?
Enteric nerve stimulation results colonic contraction
Name the laxatives which causes melanosis coli
Stimulants (Senna)
What is mechanism of Bulk forming (Psyllium, methylcellulose) as a
Laxatives?
Soluble fibers draw water into gut lumen, forming a viscous liquid that promotes peristalsis
What is mechanism of Osmotic laxative as a laxatives?
Provides osmotic load to draw water into GI lumen
What are the d/f types of Osmotic laxatives?
Magnesium hydroxide
magnesium citrate
polyethylene glycol
lactulose
What is MOA of Aprepitant?
Blocks NK1 (neurokinin-1) receptors in brain.
Substance P antagonist
What is the clinical use of Aprepitant?
Antiemetic for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Name the medicine given in post operative vomiting
Ondansetron serotonin receptor antagonist
Also given in chemotherapy induced vomiting
What are clinical use of Metoclopramide?
Diabetic and postoperative gastroparesis, antiemetic
persistent GERD.
What are the contraindications of Metoclopramide?
In patients with small bowel obstruction or
Parkinson disease (due to D2-receptor blockade).
What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?
Agonist at µ-opioid receptors result slowing gut motility
Important information of H2 blockers
Both cimetidine and ranitidine decrease renal excretion of creatinine.
What are the clinical uses of PPI?
Peptic ulcer
gastritis esophageal reflux
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
component of therapy for H pylori
stress ulcer prophylaxis
What renal side effects will occur if PPI used?
Acute interstitial nephritis
Absorption of which ions will decrease if PPI used?
Calcium and Magnesium
What is the “common” side effects of all antacids?
Hypokalaemia
What are the clinical side effects of Aluminium hydroxide?
Remember CHOPS
Constipation Hypophosphatemia Osteodystrophy Proximal muscle weakness Seizures
Why Bismuth and sucralfate not given with PPI and H2 blockers?
B/c both drugs need acidic environment to show their action
What are the clinical uses of Bismuth and Sucralfate?
Increase ulcer healing
Traveler diarrhoea
Name the drug given in NASID induced PUD
Misoprostol
What reproductive issues occur in Male with the usage of Sulfasalazine?
Reversible oligospermia
What are medication given for HTN in pregnancy?
hydralazine
labetalol
methyldopa
nifedipine.
What medication not to be used for HTN in asthma?
Non selective BB
ACEI
Important information for HTN with DM
B-blockers can mask hypoglycemia symptoms
use with caution.
Important information for HTN with Heart failure
B-blockers must be used cautiously in decompensated HF and
are contraindicated in cardiogenic shock.
Name the CCB used for Sub arachnoid Haemorrhage
Nimodipine used to prevent cerebral vasospasm
What CCB can be used for HTN urgency and emergency?
Nicardipine
clevidipine
What endocrine side effect will occur if Non dihydropyridines used?
Hyper prolactinemia
What medications can be used for HTN emergency?
clevidipine, fenoldopam,
labetalol, nicardipine,
nitroprusside.
What medication can be used to t/m post operative HTN?
Fenoldopam
What are the clinical uses of Nitrates?
Angina
acute coronary syndrome
pulmonary Edema
Important information for Nitrates
Contraindicated in right ventricular infarction.
What is the MOA of Ranolazine?
Inhibits the late phase of sodium current thereby reducing diastolic wall tension and oxygen consumption
What is the clinical use of Ranolazine?
Angina refractory to other medical therapies
Important information for Milrinone
It’s positive chronotropy and inotropy
What is the MOA of Sacubitril?
Prevents degradation of natriuretic peptides, angiotensin II, and substance P by neprilysin
Result increases vasodilation, And decrease ECF volume.
What is the clinical use of Sacubitril?
Used in combination with an ARB (valsartan) for treatment of HFrEF
Why Sacubitril not used with ACEI?
B/c of angioedema
What lipid lowering agent can cause delirium, dementia, other neurocognitive effects?
PCSK9 inhibitors Alirocumab, evolocumab
Important information of lipid lowering agents
Only Nacin increases HDL in significant amount
All decreases LDL except fibrates
What medications decreases the clearance of Digoxin?
verapamil
amiodarone
quinidine
What is the MOA of lvabradine?
prolongs slow depolarization (phase “IV”) by selectively inhibiting “funny” sodium channels
What is the clinical use of Ivabradine?
Chronic stable angina in patients who cannot take Bblockers.
Chronic HFrEF.
What is the MOA of Rasburicase?
Catalyzes metabolism of uric acid to allantoin
What is the clinical use of Rasburicase?
Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome.
Name the medications given in Malignant melanoma
Dabrafenib
vemurafenib
What is the MOA of Dabrafenib?
Small molecule inhibitors of BRAF oncogene positive melanoma
How to t/m HER2 positive breast Cancer?
Trastuzumab
Which GIT cancer can be t/m by Trastuzumab?
Gastric cancer
What cardiac side effects occur with the usage of Trastuzumab?
Cardiotoxicity Viz dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the side effects of Rituximab?
Increases risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Name the medication given in CML and GIST
lmatinib
dasatinib
Name the medication which are monoclonal antibody against EGFR
Cetuximab
panitumumab
What are the clinical uses of Cetuximab and panitumumab?
Head and neck cancer
Stage 4 CRC wild type KRAS
What is the MOA of Erlotinib?
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
What is the MOA of BeVacizumab?
Monoclonal antibody against VEGF results Inhibits angiogenesis
What are the clinical uses of BeVacizumab?
Solid tumors (eg, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma) wet age-related macular degeneration.
What is the MOA of Hydroxyurea?
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase result decrease DNA synthesis (S phase specific)
What is the main side effect of Hydroxyurea?
Myelosupression
Name the medications which block topoisomerase I and prevent DNA unwinding and replication
lrinotecan
topotecan
What are the clinical uses of lrinotecan and topotecan?
Colon cancer (irinotecan); ovarian and small cell lung cancers (topotecan)
Name the medication which inhibits topoisomerase II Result increases DNA degradation
Etoposide
teniposide
What is the main clinical use of Etoposide and teniposide?
Solid tumors (particularly testicular and small cell lung cancer)
How to prevent nephrotoxicity occurs due to cisplatin or Carboplatin?
amifostine (free radical scavenger) And chloride (saline) diuresis.
What is the clinical use of Busulfan?
Used to ablate patient’s bone marrow before bone marrow transplantation
What is the MOA of Busulfan?
Cross-links DNA
Name the alkylating agents which t/m Brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme).
Nitrosoureas (eg, carmustine, lomustine)
What is the MOA of Nitrosoureas?
Require bioactivation.
Cross blood-brain barrier —>CNS.
Cross-link DNA
Name the alkylating agent which cause disulfiram-like reaction
Procarbazine
What is the MOA of Bleomycin?
Induces free radical formation—->breaks in DNA strands.
What is the MOA of Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)?
Intercalates into DNA, preventing RNA synthesis.
Name the childhood Tumors t/m by Dactinomycin
Wilms tumor
Ewing sarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
Name the drug given in Hairy cell leukaemia
Cladribine
Name the drug which produce palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand-foot syndrome ).
5-fluorouracil
What skin cancers t/m by 5 fluorouracil?
actinic keratosis
basal cell carcinoma (topical).
Name the drug which inhibits Glycoprotein 2b/3A receptors on platelets
Remember TEA
tirofiban
eptifibatide,
Abciximab
Clinical indications for Glycoprotein 2b/3A receptors on platelets inhibitors
Unstable angina
percutaneous coronary intervention.
What is the MOA of Cilostazol and dipyridamole?
Increase in cAMP in platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation; vasodilators.
Clinical uses of Cilostazol and dipyridamole
Intermittent claudication
coronary vasodilation (dipyridamole used for cardiac stress testing)
prevention of stroke or TIAs (combined with aspirin).
Name the drugs which inhibits ADP receptor on platelets
Remember PCT
Clopidogrel
prasugrel
ticagrelor (reversible)
ticlopidine.
Clinical uses of ADP receptors inhibitors on platelets
Acute coronary syndrome;
coronary stenting.
Decrease incidence or recurrence of thrombotic stroke.
Clinical indications for Factor X inhibitors
Treatment and prophylaxis for DVT and PE;
stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Name the drug which inhibits thrombin
Remember BAD
Bivalirudin
Argatroban
Dabigatran
What is the MOA of Ethosuximide?
Blocks thalamic T-type Ca2 channels
What is the first line anti epileptic drug for Status epileptics?
Benzodiazepines
How to t/m recurrent Status epileptics?
Phenytoin
Fosphenytoin
What are the other uses of Gabapentin beside epilepsy?
peripheral neuropathy
postherpetic neuralgia
What is the MOA of Gabapentin?
Primarily inhibits high-voltage activated calcium channels
What is the MOA of lamotrigine?
Blocks voltage-gated Na• channel
inhibits the release glutamate
Name the anti epileptic drugs causing hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis
lamotrigine
What is the MOA of Levetiracetam?
may modulate GABA and glutamate release, inhibit voltage-gated Ca2 channels
What main side effects occur with the usage of Levetiracetam?
Neuropsychiatric symptoms
What is the MOA of Phenytoin?
Block Sodium channels
What are the side effects of phenytoin?
Remember PHENYTOIN
P-450 induction Hirsutism Enlarged gums Nystagmus Yellow-brown skin Teratogenicity (fetal hydantoin syndrome), Osteopenia Inhibited folate absorption Neuropathy
What is the MOA of Topiramate?
Block sodium channels
Increases GABA action
What are the side effects of Topiramate?
6S
Sedation slow cognition, stones in kidney skinny (weight prophylaxis loss) sight threatened (glaucoma) speech (word-finding) difficulties
What is the MOA of Valproic acid?
Increase sodium channel inactivation
Increases GABA concentration by inhibiting GABA transminase
What are the main side effects of Valproic acid?
Neural tube defects
Tremors
Weight gain
Pancreatitis
What is the MOA of Vigabatrin?
Increases GABA
Irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor
What is the main side effect of Vigabatrin?
Permanent vision loss
Which type of seizure t/m by carbamazepine?
Partial seizure
Name the two main anti epileptic drugs t/m generalised tonic clonic seizure
Phenytoin
Valproic acid
What is the main contraindications of barbiturates?
porphyria
What are short acting benzodiazepines?
Alprazolam
Triazolam
Oxazepam
Midazolam
What benzodiazepine can be used even patients have liver disease?
Remember LOT
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
What is the MOA of Suvorexant?
Orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonist.
Clinical use of Suvorexant
Insomnia
What is the first line medicines for Alzheimer’s disease?
AChE inhibitor ( Donepezil rivastigmine, galantamine )
What is the mechanism of Memantine?
NMDA receptor antagonist; helps prevent excitotoxicity (mediated by Ca2+).
How Riluzole t/m ALS?
Decrease neuron glutamate excitotoxicity.
Name the medication given in Huntington disease?
Tetrabenazine ( Inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) —> decreases dopamine vesicle packaging and release )
What is the MOA of ketamine?
NMDA receptor antagonist.
Name the IV anaesthetic which increases cerebral blood flow and cause vivid dreams
Ketamine
Name the IV anaesthetic which can be used as ICU sedation
Propofol
Name the IV anaesthetic which can cause anterograde amnesia
Midazolam
Why adrenaline is given with local anaesthesia?
To decrease bleeding
And increased anaesthesia at site of action by vasoconstriction
Name the local anaesthesia which cause CVS toxicity
bupivacaine
Name the local anaesthesia which cause methemoglobinemia
benzocaine
How to reverse the action of Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs?
ACEI with atropine or glycopyrrolate(to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia)
What is the MOA of Baclofen?
GABA (B) receptor agonist in spinal cord
What are the clinical uses Baclofen?
Multiple sclerosis
Dystonia
Muscle spasticity
What is the MOA of Cyclobenzaprine?
Acts within CNS mainly at the brain stem
What is the MOA of Tizanidine?
Alpha2 agonist act centrally
Clinical uses of Tizanidine
Muscle spasticity
multiple sclerosis
ALS
cerebral palsy.
Name the full agonist opioid
morphine, heroin
meperidine, methadone
codeine.
Name the partial agonist opioid
buprenorphine
Name the Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid
nalbuphine
pentazocine
butorphanol.
Name the Antagonists of opioids
naloxone
naltrexone
methylnaltrexone.
Name the side effects of opioid to which tolerance doesn’t develop
Miosis
Constipation
All opioid cause miosis except;
meperidine
What are the contraindications of Suvorexant?
Narcolepsy
Liver diseases
What is the MOA of Ramelteon?
Melatonin receptor agonist; binds MT1 and MT2 in suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Clinical use of Ramelteon
Insomnia
Name the drug which decreases phosphate absorption from GI tract
Sevelamer
What is the use of Sevelamer?
Hyperphosphatemia in CKD
What is the mechanism of action of Cinacalet?
Sensitizes Ca2+_sensing receptor (CaSR) in parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+ results in decrease of PTH
Clinical indications for Cinacalet
2o hyperparathyroidism in CKD, hypercalcemia in 1o hyperparathyroidism (if parathyroidectomy fails)
or
in parathyroid carcinoma.
What are the uses of Desmopressin?
Central DI,
von Willebrand disease,
sleep enuresis,
hemophilia A.
Main uses of Regular insulin
DKA (IV),
hyperkalemia (+glucose),
stress hyperglycemia.
Name the injectable insulin which doesn’t achieve peak
Long acting (no real peak)
detemir,
glargine
Name the drugs which Inhibit intestinal brush-border a-glucosidases
Acarbose,
miglitol
*Remember not given if kidneys are impaired
Name the drugs which inhibit Sodium Glucose Co transporter 2 in kidneys
Canagliflozin,
dapagliflozin,
empagliflozin
What are the side effects of “Gliflozin”?
Glucosuria UTis vaginal yeast infections hyperkalemia dehydration (orthostatic hypotension), weight loss.
Name the oral drugs for diabetes avoided in Heart failure patients
Glitazones/ thiazolidinediones
Name the oral drugs for diabetes which inhibits Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme that deactivates GLP-I
Remember Gliptin
Linagliptin
saxagliptin
sitagliptin
What nutritional deficiency would occu with the usage of Metformin?
B12 Deficiency
Drugs included in 1st generation sulfonylureas
1st generation:
chlorpropamide, tolbutamide
Drugs included in 2nd generation
Sulfonylureas
Remember 3Gs
2nd generation:
glimepiride,
glipizide
glyburide
Which generation of sulfonylureas causes disulfiram-like reactions and Hypoglycemia?
First generation causes disulfiram-like reactions
2nd generation cause hypoglycemia
Which oral drug for diabetes has same MOA as sulfonylureas?
Meglitinides:
Nateglinide, repaglinide
What oral agents for diabetes would cause these actions?
Decrease glucagon release
decrease gastric emptying
increase satiety.
Amylin analogs (Pramlintide)
GLP-1 analogs (Exenatide, liraglutide)
DPP-4 inhibitors (Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin)
Name the oral agent for diabetes which causes “Weight Loss”
GLP-1 analogs (Exenatide, liraglutide)
And
Metformin
Name the oral agent for Diabetes which causes “Weight Gain”
Glitazones
Sulfonylureas
What medicine to use to reverse the bleeding cause by dabigatran?
idarucizumab
What are the clinical uses of Anti TNF alpha Antibody drugs?
Remember PAIR
Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Important point
Any kind of NASID will decrease excretionof uric acid in Low dose
What is the MOA of Pegloticase?
6-MP. Recombinant uricase catalyzing uric acid to allantoin (a more water-soluble product).
How Teriparatide helpful in Osteoporosis?
Increase osteoblastic activity when administered in pulsatile fashion
What are the contraindications of Teriparatide?
Osteosarcoma
Past Hx of Cancer Or Radiation therapy
What is the MOA of Bisphosphonate?
Bind hydroxyapatite in bone, inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Clinical indications of Bisphosphonate
Osteoporosis
hypercalcemia
Paget disease of bone
metastatic bone disease
osteogenesis imperfecta
Which enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis inhibit by Leflunomide?
Reversibly inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Name the NASID which only inhibits Celecoxib
COX-2
Name the NASID which ““irreversibly”” inhibit both COX 1 and COX2
Aspirin
Important information regarding NASID
All NASIDS reversibily inhibit both enzyme COX 1 and 2 except ASPIRIN
At what dose of aspirin inhibit platelets aggregation?
Less than 300mg/day
At what dose aspirin act as antipyretics and analgesics?
300-2400mg/day
At what dose aspirin act as anti- inflammatory?
2400-4000mg/day
What are medications which decrease aqueous Humour production?
Remember BAD
B beta blocker
A alpha agonist
D Diuretic
Name the beta blockers used for Glaucoma
Timolol
betaxolol
carteolol
Name the alpha agonist drugs used for Glaucoma
Epinephrine (a1)
apraclonidine, brimonidine (a2)
What medications are totally contraindicated in close angle glaucoma?
Drugs which increase the size of pupil (Mydriasis)
How prostaglandins treat glaucoma?
Increase outflow of aqueous humor via decreasing the resistance of flow through uveoscleral pathway.
Name the prostaglandins used for Glaucoma.
Bimatoprost
latanoprost
What are the ocular side effects occur due to use of Prostaglandins?
Darkens color of iris (browning)
eyelash growth
How Cholinomimetics agents treat glaucoma?
Increase outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Important information regarding pilocarpine
Use pilocarpine in acute angle closure glaucoma-very effective at opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm
What is the MOA of Metronidazole?
Forms toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA
Why Daptomycin not used in pneumonia?
Not used for pneumonia (avidly binds to and is inactivated by surfactant)
What are the Clinical use of Daptomycin?
S aureus skin infections (especially MRSA), bacteremia
enclocarditis
VRE
Name the Quinolones which can be used in Respiratory infections
gemifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin.
Clinical uses of Quinolones
Gram -ve rods of urinary and CI tracts (including Pseudomonas),
some gram +ve organisms
otitis externa.
What are the contraindications of Quinolones?
pregnant women
nursing mothers
and children< 18 years old clue to possible damage to cartilage.
Some may prolong QT interval.
Important information about Quinolones
Not to give this drug in patient taking steroids Or age more than >60 yrs because of risk of tendon rupture Or tendonitis
What are the mechanism of resistance of Quinolones?
Chromosome-encoded mutation in DNA gyrase
plasmid mediated resistance
efflux pumps.
How to avoid the hematological side effects of Trimethoprim?
Add leucovorin
Against which organisms Trimethoprim can be used as prophylaxis?
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Toxoplasmosis
What antibiotic can cause methamaglobinemia?
Dapsone
What are the different mechanisms of resistance of sulfonamide?
Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthase)
Deceased uptake,
Increase PABA synthesis.