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Pharm Winter FInal Flashcards

1
Q

Polyene macrolides

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

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2
Q

Liposomal membrane

A

Amphotericin B

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3
Q

Amphotericin B mechanism

A

Binds to sterols in fungal cell membrane

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4
Q

Must give parenterally

A

Amphotericin B

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5
Q

Causes nephrotoxicity and anemia from decreased erythropoietin release

A

Amphotericin B

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6
Q

Treats leishmaniasis, amebic meningoencephalitis and other protozoal infxns

A

Amphotericin B

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7
Q

Imidazoles

A

Miconazole

Ketoconazole

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8
Q

Triazoles

A

Itraconazole

Fluconazole

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9
Q

Azole mechanism of action

A

Inhibit sterol 14 alpha demethylase (a cytochrome p450 enzyme) in ergosterol synthesis causing buildup of lanosterol

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10
Q

Side effect from inhibiting steroid biosynthesis resulting in gynecomastia

A

Ketoconazole

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11
Q

Drug interactions by inhibiting P450 3A4 enzyme

A

Ketoconazole

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12
Q

Inhibits Cyt P450 thus affeting metabolism of cyclosporine, rifampin, and warfarin

A

Fluconazole and Itraconazole

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13
Q

Treats cryptococcal meningitis and oropharyngeal and vaginal candidiasis

A

Fluconazole

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14
Q

No parenteral formulation available

A

Itraconazole

Griseofulvin

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15
Q

Griseofulvin MOA

A

Disrupts mitotic spindle structure arresting metaphase of cell division

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16
Q

Deposited in keratin precursor cells

A

Griseofulvin

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17
Q

Ultramicrosize absorbed better

A

Griseofulvin

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18
Q

Only used for dermatophytoses (tineas) except tinea versicolor

A

Griseofulvin

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19
Q

Nystatin MOA

A

Binds to sterols in the fungal cell membrane

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20
Q

Too toxic for parenteral use

A

Nystatin

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21
Q

Nystatin is used for what

A

Candidal infxns

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22
Q

Tolnaftate MOA

A

Inhibits squalene monooxygenase leading to squalene accumulation

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23
Q

Mainly used against dermatophytoses (doesn’t say onnly for this though…)

A

Tolnaftate

Terbinafine

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24
Q

Terbinafine MOA

A

Inhibits squalene monooxygenase leading to squalene accumulation

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25
Q

Echinocandin

A

Caspofungin

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26
Q

Caspofungin MOA

A

Inhibits synthesis of Beta 1,3 D glucan into polysaccharite cell wall

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27
Q

Use of casponfungin

A

Aspergilloma and Esophageal Candidiasis

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28
Q

If given with cyclosporine, increased plasma levels

If given withinducers of drug clearance, decreased plasma levels

A

Caspofungin

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29
Q

Alternative to Ketoconazole since less toxic

A

Fluconazole

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30
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Mechlorethamine
Cyclophosphamide
Carmustine
Cisplatin

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31
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Methotrexate
Mercaptopurine
Fluorouracil
Cytarabine

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32
Q

Natural products

A 
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
Vinblastine
Vincristine
Etoposide
Paclitaxel
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33
Q

Hormonal agents

A

Prednisone
Dexamethasone
Tamoxifen

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34
Q

Kinase inhibitors

A

Imatinib

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35
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Trastuzumab

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36
Q

Developed from mustard gas

A

Mechlorethamine

Cyclophosphamide

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37
Q

Nitrosureas

A

Carmustine

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38
Q

Platinum complexes

A

Cisplatin

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39
Q

Alkylating agents MOA

A

Damage DNA by transfering reactive alkyl groups to N7 guanine position

Causes DNA breaks and crosslinking of DNA

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40
Q

Requires metabolic activation by Cyt P450

A

Cyclophosphamide

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41
Q

Used for brain tumors

A

Carmustine

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42
Q

Nephro and Ototoxic

A

Cisplatin

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43
Q

Folic acid analog

A

Methotrexate

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44
Q

Methotrexate MOA

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

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45
Q

Cell cycle specific agents

A

Antimetabolites

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46
Q

What phase does Methotrexate effect

A

S phase

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47
Q

Used for psoriasis and RA

A

Methotrexate

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48
Q

Purine analogs

A

Mercaptopurine

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49
Q

Inhibits a number of enzymes of purine interconversion

A

Mercaptopurine

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50
Q

Converted to nucleotide form by HGPRT

A

Mercaptopurine

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51
Q

Metabolized by xanthine oxidase

A

Mercaptopurine

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52
Q

Inhibits xanthine oxidase

A

Allopurinol

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53
Q

Pyrimidine analogs

A

Fluorouracil

Cytarabine

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54
Q

Fluorouracil MOA

A

Inhibits Thimidylate synthetase in DNA synthesis

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55
Q

Cytarabine MOA

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase

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56
Q

Cancer antibiotic drugs/Anthracyclines

A

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

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57
Q

Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin MOA

A

ind to DNA between adjacent strands uncoiling DNA helix

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58
Q

Tetracycline ring gives antitumor activity

A

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

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59
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy side effect

A

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

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60
Q

Used for acute non lymphocytic leukemia

A

Daunorubicin

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61
Q

How does vinblastine differ from vincristine

A

Vinblastine has methyl group

Vincristine has formyl group

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62
Q

What cell cycle stage is targeted by vinblastine and vincristine

A

Mitosis

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63
Q

Vinblastine/Vincristine MOA

A

Bind to tubulin of Microtubules leading to metaphase arrest

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64
Q

Etoposide MOA

A

Complexes with Topoisomerase 2 resulting in DNA breaks

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65
Q

Etoposide targets what phase of cell cycle

66
Q

Alopecia side effect

A

Etoposide

Paclitaxel

67
Q

Paclitaxel MOA

A

Promotes microtubule assembly (Antimicrotubule)

68
Q

What phase does paclitaxel target

69
Q

Adrenocorticosteroids

A

Prednisone

Dexamethasone

70
Q

Cushing Syndrome side effect

A

Prednisone

Dexamethasone

71
Q

Antiestrogen

72
Q

Tamoxifen MOA

A

Inhibits estrogen binding to estrogen receptors

73
Q

Side effects are menopausal symptoms of hot flashes

74
Q

Most frequently used hormonal therapy for men with breast cancer

75
Q

Imatinib MOA

A

Inhibits Bcr Abl Tyrosine Kinase formed from Philadelphia chromosomal translocation in CML

76
Q

Humanized IgG1 monoclonal natibody

A

Trastuzumab

77
Q

Trastuzumab MOA

A

Binds Human epidermal growth factor receptor down regulating the receptors tyrosine kinase signaling

78
Q

Trastuzumab effects what stage of cell cycle

79
Q

First line treatment of HER2 breast cancer

A

Paclitaxel

Trastuzumab

80
Q

Which alkylating agent is lipid soluble

A

Carmustine

81
Q

Pancytopenia side effect

A

Cytarabine

82
Q

Increases risk of endometrial cancer

83
Q

ADHD

A

Lesdexamfetamine

Methylphenidate

84
Q

Resistant to metabolism by MAO

A

Methamphetamine

85
Q

Marketed as bath salts from mostly East Africa and Arabic countries

86
Q

Ephedrine main use

A

Sympathomimetic agent

87
Q

Traeats narcolepsy and shift work disorder

A

Modafanil/Armodafanil

88
Q

Amphetamine functions

A

Stimulates reticular activating system promoting arousal and wakefulness. Suppresses appetite

Sympathomimetic in periphery

89
Q

Amphetamine toxicities

A

Cardiac from sympathomimetic effx

CNS effx include hostility, aggression, psychosis, and tactile hallucinations

90
Q

Amphetamine MOA

A

enhances release and inhibits uptake of NE and DA

91
Q

Chronicaly use causes reduced dopamine in cleft

A

Amphetamines and Cocaine

92
Q

What has paradoxical effects in the brain to stimulate catecholamine release thus treating ADHD

A

Amphetamines

93
Q

Can be used as a local anesthetic with vasoconstriction

94
Q

Increases confidence and reinforcement

95
Q

Withdrawal results in lethargy, fatigue, and depression

96
Q

Teratogenic effects

A

Cocaine, THC

97
Q

Cocaine MOA

A

Inhibits DA reuptake

98
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline

99
Q

Amphetamine drugs

A 
Amphetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Cathinone
Ephedrine
Modafenil
100
Q

Treats asthma

A

Theophylline and Aminophylline

101
Q

Respiratory stimulant in preterm infants

A

Methylxanthines

102
Q

Stimulates gastric secretion so gotta becareful using in peptic ulcer dz patients

A

Methylxanthines

103
Q

Diuretic effect

A

Methylxanthines

104
Q

Dilation of vascular beds

A

Methylxanthines

105
Q

Methylxanthine overdose pt will present like what

106
Q

What is the MOA of methylxanthines

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterase
Blocks adenosine receptors
Release of Ca

107
Q

Spinal cord stimulatns

A

Strychnine

Tetanus toxin

108
Q

Strychnine MOA

A

Antagonist at glycine receptors

109
Q

Use results in seizures

A

Strychnine

Tetanus toxin

110
Q

Tetanus MOA

A

Inhibits release of glycine from renshaw cells

111
Q

Treats apnea in preterm infants

A

Caffeine

Theophylline

112
Q

What is the active ingredient in marijuana

A

Tetra hydrocanacinol (THC)

113
Q

What is very lipid soluble and thus easily gets to the brain

A

Tetra hydrocanacinol

114
Q

Reddening of the conjunctiva is suggestive of what

115
Q

Treats glaucoma

116
Q

Inhibits vomitingg reflex

117
Q

What are the side effx of cannabinoids

A 
Suppresses immune fxn
Lowers testosterone
Teratogenic
Amotivational syndrome
Lung damage
118
Q

Which has tolerance and sensitized feelings with chronic use

119
Q

Prevents wasting in AIDS patients

A

Cannabinoids

120
Q

MOA of Salvia

A

Agonist at kappa opioid and D2 dompamine receptors

121
Q

What is abused for its hallucinogenic effx

122
Q

What serves as a stimulant and pain reliever

123
Q

Kratom MOA

A

Agonist at mu opioid receptors

124
Q

Controls opioid withdrawal symptoms

125
Q

Treats Alzheimers

A 
Rivastigmine
Donepezil
Memantine
Vitamin E
Selegeline/Deprenyl
126
Q

Treats ALS

127
Q

Treats ADHD

A

Methylphenidate
D amphetamine
Adderall
Atomoxatine

128
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Rivastigmine

Donepezil

129
Q

What is the problem in Alzheimers

A

Loss of Ach producing neurons in the frontal cortex and nucleus basalis of Meynert

130
Q

What is the problem with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Cholinergic side effx

131
Q

Memantine MOA

A

Blocks excitatory actions of glutamate at NMDA receptors in the hippocampus and frontal cortex

132
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vitamin E

Selegiline/Deprenyl

133
Q

Orphan drug

134
Q

Riluzole MOA

A

Inhibits the release of glutamate from nerve endings

135
Q

Mild stimulant

A

Methamphetamine

136
Q

Powerful stimulant

A

Amphetamine

137
Q

Mixture of amphetamine salts

138
Q

Atomoxatine MOA

A

Inhibits synaptic reuptake of NE

139
Q

Non stimulating ADHD drug

A

Atomoxatine

140
Q

Side effx of Atomoxatine

A

Hepatotoxicity

141
Q

Indoles

A

Lysergic and diethyamide
Psilocybin and Psilocin
Bufotenin
Ibogaine

142
Q

Phenylethamines

A

Mescaline

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

143
Q

Hallucinogens

A 
Lysergic and diethyamide
Psilocybin and Psilocin
Bufotenin
Ibogaine
Mescaline
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
144
Q

What are the initial signs of LSD use

A

Sympathomimetic stuff

145
Q

What are the more slowly developing signs of LSD

A

Hallucinogenic effects

146
Q

What is the side effect of LSD

A

Bad trip (panic reactions)

147
Q

Found in mushrooms

A

Psilocin and Psilocybin

Bufotenin

148
Q

Toad licking

149
Q

Autonomic changes are more pronounced than LSD

150
Q

Halucinogenic and stimulant

151
Q

Powerful hallucinogen

152
Q

Suppresses craving for heroin, cocaine, and other drugs

153
Q

Displays cross tolerance

A

Hallucinogens

154
Q

No physical withdrawal syndrome

A

Hallucinogens aside from MDMA

155
Q

Flashback side effects

A

Hallucinogens

156
Q

Long term difficulty with processing visual information

A

Hallucinogen Persisting Perceptiong Disorder (HPPD)

157
Q

Anesthetics

A

Phencyclidine

ketamine

158
Q

Makes you feel no pain

A

PCP/Ketamine

159
Q

Rage reactions

A

PCP/Ketamine

160
Q

Signs of acute PCP/Ketamine poisoing

A 
Hyperreflexia
Increased muscle tone
Hypertension
Vertical nystagmus
Convulsions
161
Q

PCP/Ketaine MOA

A

Blocks NMDA receptors

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