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Pharmacology Top 200 Drug List > Pharm Top 200 Drug List > Flashcards

Pharm Top 200 Drug List Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen (Vicodin, Lortab, Norco)

A

MOA Hydrocodone-binds, activates mu-opioid receptor, Acetaminophen–suspected to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which reduces pain

Testable Pearls: Addiction/dependence risk, respiratory depression, constipation

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2
Q

Lisinopril (Prinivil)

A

MOA: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme which ultimately leads to reduction in angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor)

Testable Pearls: Cough, Hyperkalemia, used to help protect the kidneys in diabetes

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3
Q

Simvastatin (Zocor)

A

MOA: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase – this enzyme is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation

Testable Pearls: Myopathy, Reduces risk of heart attack/stroke, Dosed at night

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4
Q

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

A

MOA: synthetic form of thyroid hormone (T4)

Testable Pearls: Binding interactions w/calcium and iron can lower concentrations, TSH is monitored to adjust dose, signs of hypothyroid–fatigue, dry skin, constipation

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5
Q

Amoxicillin (Amoxil)

A

MOA: Inhibits penicillin binding protein which prevents cell wall synthesis

Testable Pearls: Diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, rash

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6
Q

Azithromycin (zithromaz)

A

MOA: Binds 50s ribosomal subunit and prevents protein synthesis.

Testable Pearls: Longer half-life than many antibiotics, GI adverse effects, rare risk for QTc prolongation

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7
Q

QTc prolongation

A

QT prolongation is a measure of delayed ventricular repolarization. Excessive QT prolongation can predispose the myocardium to the development of early after-depolarizations, which in turn can trigger re-entrant tachycardias such as TdP

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8
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ); (Microzide)

A

MOA: blocks sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of kidney.

Testable Pearls: Frequent urination, elevated uric acid level (exacerbate gout), can help with edema and hypertension

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9
Q

Amlodipine (Norvasc)

A

MOA: Blocks the entry of calcium into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.

Testable Pearls: Edema, No action on the heart (compared to diltiazem, verapamil)

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10
Q

Alprazolam (Xanax)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has a sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Testable Pearls: Used for acute management of anxiety, dizziness/sedation, generally avoid in elderly

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11
Q

Metformin (Glucophage)

A

MOA: primarily decreases hepatic glucose production

Testable Pearls: Avoid in moderate to severe kidney disease, rare risk of lactic acidosis, GI side effects like diarrhea is most prominent, first line agent in type 2 diabetes

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12
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

A

MOA: inhibits HMG-CoA reductase - this enzyme is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation.

Testable Pearls: Myopathy, reduces risk of heart attack/stroke, higher intensity statin

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13
Q

Omeprazole (Prilosec)

A

MOA: Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells (reduces hydrogen ion - stomach acid concentration in stomach)

Testable Pearls: Short term only recommended for GERD, associated with low magnesium and B12, most potent acid blocking medication class

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14
Q

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin)

A

MOA: Amoxicillin - Inhibits penicillin binding protein which prevents cell wall synthesis; Clavulanate - inhibits beta-lactamase which is produced by bacteria to break down beta lactam antibiotics

Testable Pearls: Diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, rash

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15
Q

Atenolol (Tenormin)

A

MOA: Blocks beta-1 receptor (found primarily in the heart); prevents activity of sympathetic nervous system leading to reduction in heart rate and BP.

Testable Pearls: Pulse monitoring, can blunt beta-agonist activity (potentially exacerbate asthma, COPD); can block signs of hypoglycemia (exception sweating)

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16
Q

Furosemide (Lasix)

A

MOA: Blocks reabsorption of sodium, chloride nd water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle - increases urine output

Testing Pearls: Hypokalemia; frequent urination; can lead to dehydration (rising creatinine)

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17
Q

Metoprolol (Lopressor)

A

MOA: Blocks beta-1-receptors (found primarily in the heart); prevents activity of sympathetic nervous system leading to reduction in heart rate and BP.

Testing Pearls: Pulse monitoring; can blunt beta-agonist activity (potentially exacerbate asthma, COPD); block signs of hypoglycemia (exception sweating)

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18
Q

Sertraline (Zoloft)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin which leads to higher concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: takes a significant amount of time to work (usually weeks); GI side effects; serotonin syndrome risk (elevated temperature, BP, heart rate)

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19
Q

Zolpidem (Ambien)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic effects.

Testing pearls: used for insomnia only; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly

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20
Q

Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet)

A

MOA: Oxycodone - binds, activates mu-opioid receptor, acetaminophen - suspected to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which reduces pain.

Testing Pearls: Addiction/dependence risk; respiratory depression; constipation

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21
Q

Esomeprazole (Nexium)

A

MOA: Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells (reduces hydrogen ion - stomach acid concentration in stomach)

Testing Pearls: short term only recommended for GERD; associated with low magnesium and B12; most potent acid blocking medication

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22
Q

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

A

MOA: Blocks binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor; by doing this, it prevents platelet aggregation

Testing Pearls: prodrug - converted to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; bleed risk; often used in combination with aspirin following stenting.

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23
Q

Montelukast (Singulair)

A

MOA: blocks leukotriene receptors in the lungs which reduces bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

Testing Pearls: used in asthma and allergies; not a rescue medication; rare reports of psychiatric adverse events.

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24
Q

Prednisone (Sterapred)

A

MOA: Multiple possible pathways of reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system (inhibition of cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid, etc.)

Testing Pearls: Suppression of HPA axis; increases blood sugars, causes insomnia and GI upset; increases risk of osteoporosis.

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25
Q

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin which leads to higher concentrations in the synapse

Testing Pearls: takes a significant amount of time to work (usually weeks); GI side effects; serotonin syndrome risk (elevated temperature, BP, heart rate.

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26
Q

Ibuprofen (Advil)

A

MOA: non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) - which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation

Testing Pearls: increase GI bleed risk; take with food; exacerbates CHF/edema; inhibits platelet activity

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27
Q

Citalopram (Celexa)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin which leads to higher concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: takes a significant amount of time to work (usually weeks); QTc prolongation risk (higher doses, elderly more susceptible); serotonin syndrome risk (elevated temperature, BP heart rate)

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28
Q

Albuterol (ProAir)

A

MOA: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist - relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and opens airways.

Testing Pearls: Tremor; tachycardia; usual drug of choice for acute relief of respiratory symptoms.

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29
Q

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin which leads to higher concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: takes a significant amount of time to work (usually weeks); GI side effects; serotonin syndrome risk (elevated temperature, BP, heart rate)

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30
Q

Gabapentin (Neurontin)

A

MOA: Not well understood - possible action on voltage sensitive calcium channels.

Testing Pearls: dizziness; sedation; can accumulate in renal disease.

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31
Q

Warfarin (Coumadin)

A

MOA: Inhibits vitamin K dependent production of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, and 10.

Testing Pearls: bleeding risk; routine INR monitoring require (most often goal is 2-3 with a few exceptions); tons of drug interactions (metronidazole, amiodarone, Bactrim, etc.)

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32
Q

Tramadol (Ultram)

A

MOA: binds, activates mu-opioid receptors leading to analgesic effects.

Testing Pearls: increases seizure risk; sedation; risk of dependence and addiction.

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33
Q

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Testing Pearls: used for acute management of anxiety; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly.

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34
Q

Lorazepam (Ativan)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Testing Pearls: used for acute management of anxiety; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly

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35
Q

Cephalexin (Keflex)

A

MOA: Inhibits penicillin binding protein which prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Testing Pearls: Diarrhea; nausea/vomiting; primarily gram + bacteria coverage.

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36
Q

Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

A

MOA: Not well understood - skeletal muscle relaxant possibly gamma and alpha motor system effects.

Testing Pearls: sedating; anticholinergic potential (i.e. dry mouth, confusion, etc.); not well tolerated in the elderly.

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37
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim, Sepra)

A

MOA: Sulfamethoxazole - interferes with bacterial folate synthesis; trimethoprim blocks production of tetrahydrofolic acid in bacteria by binding dihydrofolate reductase.

Testing Pearls: significant interaction with warfarin; beware of patients with sulfa allergy - should not take this medication; take with full glass of water.

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38
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA gyrase in bacteria which prevents DNA separation and cell division.

Testing Pearls: risk of spontaneous tendonitis or tendon rupture; dose adjustments with poor kidney function; binding interaction with iron and calcium can reduce absorption.

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39
Q

Fluticasone (Flonase)

A

MOA: Stimulates glucocorticoid receptors which leads to reduced inflammation.

Testing Pearls: may work a little better if taken routinely; nose bleeding, irritation; used in allergic rhinitis.

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40
Q

Triamterene/HCTZ (Dyazide)

A

MOA: Triamterene - blocks epithelial sodium channels, causing a diuretic type effect in the kidney

Testing Pearls: Elevated K+ possible with triamterene; lowers blood pressure; in combination with HCTZ can help even out potassium levels as HCTZ lowers levels.

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41
Q

Pravastatin (Pravachol)

A

MOA: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase - this enzyme is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation.

Testing Pearls: myopathy; reduces risk of heart attack/stroke; if patients can’t tolerate simvastatin or atorvastatin, this one is often tried.

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42
Q

Rosuvastatin (Crestor)

A

MOA: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase - this enzyme is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation.

Testing Pearls: myopathy; reduces risk of heart attack/stroke; higher intensity statin

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43
Q

Fluticasone + salmeterol (Advair)

A

MOA: Corticosteroid combined with long acting beta agonist - steroid works on inflammation and salmeterol opens up the airway

Testing Pearls: Rinse mouth following use of steroid (reduces thrush risk); controller medication, not for rescue; beta agonist effects - increased heart rate, tremor

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44
Q

Trazodone (Desyrel)

A

MOA: Possible serotonin type activity, not well understood; histamine blockade may be responsible for sedative effect.

Testing Pearls: dry mouth; most often used for sleep, rarely used for straight depression; possibly a little safer in elderly than Z-drugs like Zolpidem.

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45
Q

Aledronate (Fosamax)

A

MOA: Inhibits resorption of bone by osteoclasts.

Testing Pearls: extremely long half life; administration w/out other drugs, food - with a plain glass of water, patient to remain upright after usually reassessed after 5 years of use.

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46
Q

Fexofenadine (Allegra)

A

MOA: Selective H1 receptor antagonist which leads to relief of allergy symptoms

Testing Pearls: sedation; dry mouth; one daily dosing

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47
Q

Lovastatin (Mevacor)

A

MOA: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase - this enzyme is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation.

Testing Pearls: myopathy; reduces risk of heart attack/stroke; risk of rhabdomyolysis (associated with all statins)

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48
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Breakdown of muscle tissue that releases the protein (myoglobin) into the blood. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys

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49
Q

Carvedilol (Coreg)

A

MOA: Blocks beta-1 receptors (found primarily in the heart); prevents activity of sympathetic nervous system leading to reduction in heart rate and BP; has some alpha blockade as well.

Testing Pearls: pulse monitoring; can blunt beta-agonist activity (potentially exacerbate asthma, COPD); can block signs of hypoglycemia (exception sweating)

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50
Q

Paroxetine (Paxil)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin which leads to higher concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: takes a significant amount of time to work (usually weeks); GI side effects; serotonin syndrome risk (elevated temperature, BP, heart rate).

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51
Q

Meloxicam (Mobic)

A

MOA: Non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) - which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation.

Testing Pearls: increase GI bleed risk; take w/food; exacerbates CHF/edema; inhibits platelet activity.

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52
Q

Diazepam (Valium)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Testing Pearls: used for acute management of anxiety/seizure; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly.

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53
Q

Valsartan (Diovan)

A

MOA: Angiotensin receptor blocker - prevents the activity of angiotensin which is vasoconstrictor.

Testing Pearls: hyperkalemia; alternate to ACE inhibitor; less incidence of cough compared to ACE inhibitors.

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54
Q

Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

A

MOA: Serotonin and Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which increases concentrations of both in the brain synapses.

Testing Pearls: more beneficial for pain than SSRI’s (neuropathy); possible increase in hypertension at high doses; GI side effects, serotonin syndrome risk.

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55
Q

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

A

MOA: Serotonin and Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which increases concentrations of both in the brain synapses.

Testing Pearls: more beneficial for pain than SSRI’s (neuropathy); possible increase in hypertension at high doses; GI side effects, serotonin syndrome risk.

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56
Q

Ranitidine (Zantac)

A

MOA: Histamine 2 receptor antagonist which reduces gastric acid secretion leading to relief of heartburn and GI symptoms.

Testing Pearls: slightly less potent than the PPI’s; can accumulate in kidney disease; tend to work a little quicker than the PPI’s.

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57
Q

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

A

MOA: Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14alpha-demthylase.

Testing Pearls: 3A4 drug interactions (amiodarone, phenytoin, warfarin, etc.); GI upset; liver concerns.

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58
Q

Naproxen (Aleve)

A

MOA: Non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) - which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation.

Testing Pearls: increase GI bleed risk; take with food; exacerbates CHF/edema; inhibits platelet actitivty.

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59
Q

Doxycycline (Vibramycin)

A

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit.

Testing Pearls: increases sensitivity to sunburn; binding interactions with calcium and iron; avoid in pregnancy.

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60
Q

Potassium (Klor-Con)

A

MOA: Potassium replacement.

Testing Pearls: often used for patient on diuretics that deplete potassium; GI upset; often patients do have trouble swallowing larger doses (big pills) - some forms can be dissolved in water.

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61
Q

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

A

MOA: Inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, leading to increased concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: highly anticholinergic (sedation, confusion, dry eye, etc.); can be used for pain syndromes (migraines, fibromyalgia, etc.); higher risk of cardiac concerns in overdose compared to SSRI’s so less often used for depression.

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62
Q

Lansoprazole (Prevacid)

A

MOA: Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells (reduces hydrogen ion - stomach acid concentration in stomach).

Testing Pearls: short term only recommended for GERD; associated with low magnesium and B12; most potent acid blocking medication class.

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63
Q

Pioglitazone (Actos)

A

MOA: Decreases insulin resistance in the periphery; leading to greater uptake of glucose into muscle tissue and lower blood sugar.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; edema; generally avoid in CHF patients.

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64
Q

Methylprednisolone (Medrol)

A

MOA: Multiple possible pathways of reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system (inhibition of cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid etc.).

Testing Pearls: suppression of HPA axis; increases blood sugars, causes insomnia and GI upset; increases risk of osteoporosis.

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65
Q

Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

A

MOA: Inhibition of xanthine oxidase which results in less production of uric acid and lower levels.

Testing Pearls: not meant for acute gout flares; rash; can accumulate in kidney disease.

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66
Q

Codeine + APAP (Tylenol #3)

A

MOA: codeine -binds, activates mu-opioid receptor, Acetaminophen - suspected to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which reduces pain.

Testing Pearls: addiction/dependence risk; respiratory depression; constipation.

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67
Q

Enalapril (Vasotec)

A

MOA: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme which ultimately leads to reduction in angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor).

Testing Pearls: Cough; hyperkalemia; used to protect the kidneys in diabetes

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68
Q

Carisoprodol (Soma)

A

MOA: Not well understood, potential effects at GABA receptors.

Testing Pearls: sedation; controlled substance; dizziness.

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69
Q

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

A

MOA: Blocks alpha-1a receptors which causes smooth muscle relaxation of the bladder neck and prostate.

Testing Pearls: dizziness, low blood pressure; work fairly quickly compared o 5 alpha reductase inhibitors; rare risk of floppy iris syndrome in patients having eye surgery.

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70
Q

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

A

MOA: Inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol leading to lower levels.

Testing Pearls: GI upset; not great evidence that indicates reduces eh risk of heart attack and stroke; 2nd or third line agent for lowering cholesterol (statins are drug of choice).

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71
Q

Quetiapine (Seroquel)

A

MOA: Blockade of dopamine 2 receptors is primary mechanism.

Testing Pearls: sedation and orthostasis risk; extrapyramidal symptoms metabolic syndrome and QTc prolongation risk.

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72
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

A

drug-induced movement disorders that include acute and tardive symptoms

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73
Q

Levofloxacin (Levaquin)

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA gyrase in bacteria which prevents DNA separation and cell division.

Testing Pearls: risk of spontaneous tendonitis or tendon rupture; dose adjustments with poor kidney function; binding interaction with iron and calcium can reduce absorption.

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74
Q

Fenofibrate (Tricor)

A

MOA: Activates lipoprotein lipase and reduces synthesis of apoprotein C-3; both of these mechanisms work to lower cholesterol.

Testing Pearls: target for elevated triglycerides, SE = myopathy; statins reserved for cardiovascular risk reduction and LDL lowering; elevated triglycerides increase risk of pancreatitis.

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75
Q

Clonidine (Catapres)

A

MOA: Stimulates centrally acting alpha-2 receptors causing reduced sympathetic outflow which lowers BP and pulse.

Testing Pearls: Dry mouth; dizziness, CNS changes; generally avoided in the elderly.

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76
Q

Promethazine (Phenergan)

A

MOA: Possible anticholinergic (blocks acetylcholine) and antihistamine effects, also may mildly block dopamine receptors.

Testing Pearls: used for motion sickness, nausea and vomiting; sedating; anticholinergic side effects.

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77
Q

Ethinyl estradiol + Drosperinone (Yaz)

A

MOA: Oral contraceptive - estrogen prevents ovulation and reduces risk of pregnancy.

Testing Pearls: DVT/PE; hypertension; headache/GI symptoms.

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78
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra)

A

MOA: Inhibition of phosphodiesterace-5 (PDE-5) causes smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow to the penis.

Testing Pearls: low blood pressure; rare vision adverse effect; avoid using with nitrates.

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79
Q

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

A

MOA: Selective inhibition of COX-2 leads to reduced formation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins.

Testing Pearls: GI side effects generally less than traditional NSAIDs; edema risk; kidney risk still the same as traditional NSAIDs.

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80
Q

Loratadine (Claritin)

A

MOA: Selective H1 receptor antagonist which leads to relief of allergy symptoms.

Testing Pearls: Sedation; dry mouth; once daily dosing.

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81
Q

Oxycodone (OxyContin)

A

MOA: Oxycodone - binds, activates mu-opioid receptor.

Testing Pearls: addiction/dependence risk; respiratory depression; constipation.

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82
Q

Glargine (Lantus, Basaglar)

A

MOA: Long acting insulin analog.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; hypoglycemia risk; dose once daily and targets fasting blood sugar.

83
Q

Mometasone (Nasonex)

A

MOA: Stimulates glucocorticoid receptors which leads to reduced inflammation.

Testing Pearls: may work a little better if taken routinely; nose bleeding, irritation; used in allergic rhinitis.

84
Q

Pregabalin (Lyrica)

A

MOA: Not well known; suspected that it might bind the alpha2-delta subunits leading to a reduction in neuronal excitability.

Testing Pearls: sedation; dizziness; weight gain.

85
Q

Amaryl (Glimepiride)

A

MOA: Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; hypoglycemia; inexpensive.

86
Q

Temazepam (Restoril)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Testing Pearls: shorter half-life than others, so may see this one used for sleep; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly.

87
Q

Conjugated Estrogen (Premarin)

A

MOA: Replacement estrogen in postmenopausal women who experience symptoms like hot flashes, vaginal dryness, etc.

Testing Pearls: DVT/PE; hypertension; increased risk of breast cancer.

88
Q

Folic Acid (Folvite)

A

MOA: Supplement of folic acid.

Testing Pearls: tolerability is usually fine; given with methotrexate for RA/psoriasis etc.; deficiency can lead to anemia.

89
Q

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

A

MOA: Aldosterone antagonist that blocks the effects of aldosterone, leading to lower blood pressure and a diuretic effect.

Testing Pearls: Hyperkalemia; gynecomastia (man-boobs); monitor kidney function.

90
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

MOA: Inhibits sodium, potassium ATPase leading to an increase in the force of contraction of the heart.

Testing Pearls: Used in atrial fibrillation or CHF; toxicity signs include GI, CNS changes, visual changes, and weight loss; can accumulate in kidney disease and cause more toxicity with low potassium levels.

91
Q

Isosorbide Mononitrate (Imdur)

A

MOA: Increase in nitric oxide leads to venous and arterial dilation.

Testing Pearls: headache; dizziness; can become tolerant to effects, usually recommended to have a nitrate free period during the day.

92
Q

Cefdinir (Omnicef)

A

MOA: Inhibits penicillin binding protein which prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Testing Pearls: diarrhea; nausea/vomiting; broader spectrum coverage than cephalexin.

93
Q

Ramipril (Altace)

A

MOA: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme which ultimately leads to reduction in angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor).

Testing Pearls: Cough; hyperkalemia, used to help protect the kidneys in diabetes.

94
Q

Triamcinolone (Nasacort)

A

MOA: stimulates glucocorticoid receptors which leads to reduced inflammation.

Testing Pearls: May work a little better if taken routinely; nose bleeding, irritation; used in allergic rhinitis.

95
Q

Losartan (Cozaar)

A

MOA: Angiotensin receptor blocker - prevents the activity of angiotensin which is a vasoconstrictor.

Testing Pearls: Hyperkalemia; alternate to ACE inhibitor; less incidence of cough compared to ACE inhibitors.

96
Q

Methylphenidate (Concerta)

A

MOA: prevents catecholamine reuptake in CNS synapses leading to increased dopamine and norepinephrine.

Testing Pearls: Weight loss; insomnia; anxiety, tachycardia, and increased BP

97
Q

Glyburide (Diabeta)

A

MOA: Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; hypoglycemia; inexpensive.

98
Q

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA Polymerase which prevent viral replication.

Testing Pearls: treatment of herpes and varicella viruses; GI upset; prodrug; converted to acyclovir.

99
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

A

MOA: Inhibits influenza virus neuraminidase, which likely alters replication or release of budding viruses.

Testing Pearls: GI side effects; dose adjusted based on kidney function; used in treatment and prophylaxis of influenza.

100
Q

Tiotropium (Spiriva)

A

MOA: Long acting antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) that bins to M3 receptors which relaxes smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation.

Testing Pearls: One of the drugs of choice in COPD maintenance therapy; not intended for acute relief (rescue) of symptoms; dry mouth.

101
Q

Benazepril (Lotensin)

A

MOA: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme which ultimately leads to reduction in angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor).

Testing Pearls: cough; hyperkalemia; used to help protect the kidneys in diabetes.

102
Q

Lamotrigine (Lamictal)

A

MOA: Inhibits voltage sensitive sodium channels which stabilizes neuronal membranes.

Testing Pearls: can be used for seizures or mood disorders like bipolar; drug interaction with valproic acid; rash (possibly severe Stephen Johnson’s Syndrome).

103
Q

Olmesartan (Benicar)

A

MOA: Angiotensin receptor blocker - prevents the activity of angiotensin which is a vasoconstrictor.

Testing Pearls: hyperkalemia; alternate to ACE inhibitor; less incidence of cough compared to ACE inhibitors.

104
Q

Donepezil (Aricept)

A

MOA: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which helps increase acetylcholine in the brain (remember the anticholinergics can cause confusion).

Testing Pearls: weight loss; diarrhea; does not reverse dementia.

105
Q

Risperidone (Risperdal)

A

MOA: Blockade of dopamine 2 receptors is primary mechanism.

Testing Pearls: sedation and orthostasis risk; extrapyramidal symptoms; metabolic syndrome and QTc prolongation risk.

106
Q

Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

MOA: stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; hypoglycemia; inexpensive.

107
Q

Amphetamine salts (Adderall)

A

MOA: Prevents catecholamine reuptake in CNS synapses leading to increased dopamine and norepinephrine.

Testing Pearls: Weight loss; insomnia; anxiety, tachycardia, and increased BP.

108
Q

Aripiprazole (Abilify)

A

MOA: Blockade of dopamine 2 receptors is primary mechanism.

Testing Pearls: indicated for augmentation of depression as well as schizophrenia; extrapyramidal symptoms; metabolic syndrome and QTc prolongation risk.

109
Q

Verapamil (Verelan)

A

MOA: Non-dihydropyridine; blocks the entry of calcium into smooth muscle and heart, causing vasodilation and slowing of heart rate.

Testing Pearls: used in Afib, HTN, or chronic headaches; monitor pulse; edema.

110
Q

Clindamycin (Cleocin)

A

MOA: Bind 50s subunit of bacterial ribosome which prevents protein synthesis.

Testing Pearls: GI side effects; higher risk of colitis and C. diff; good for anaerobic bacteria.

111
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

MOA: Disrupts bacterial DNA synthesis.

Testing Pearls: Interaction with warfarin; avoid alcohol when taking medication; used for anaerobic bacteria.

112
Q

Ethinyl Estradiol + Norgestimate (Ortho Tri-Cyclen)

A

MOA: Oral contraceptive - estrogen prevents ovulation and reduces risk of pregnancy.

Testing Pearls: DVT/PE; hypertension; GI/headache

113
Q

Tadalafil (Cialis)

A

MOA: Inhibition of phosphodiesterace-5 (PDE-5) causes smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow to the penis.

Testing Pearls: low blood pressure; rare vision adverse effect; avoid using with nitrates.

114
Q

Phentermine (Adipex)

A

MOA: Sympathetic amine- increases adrenaline, dopamine, and possibly serotonin.

Testing Pearls: used for weight loss; monitor for cardiac concerns; increase in BP and pulse; can cause insomnia or anxiety.

115
Q

Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)

A

MOA: H1 receptor antagonist which leads to relief of allergy symptoms and causes sedation.

Testing Pearls: anticholinergic effects; used for anxiety; considered 1st generation antihistamine (sedating)

116
Q

Diclofenac (Cataflam)

A

MOA: Non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenases (COX) - which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation.

Testing Pearls: increase GI bleed risk; take with food; exacerbates CHF/edema; inhibits platelet activity.

117
Q

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

A

MOA: Inhibition of D2 receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Testing Pearl: risk of movement disorders like EPS; often used in gastroparesis; can exacerbate Parkinson’s disorder

118
Q

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)

A

MOA: Not well known - targets triglycerides and can possibly help raise HDL.

Testing Pearls: risk of myopathy; interaction with statins (increases risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis); indicated for significantly high triglycerides.

119
Q

Diltiazem (Cardizem)

A

MOA: Non-dihydropyridine; blocks the entry of calcium into smooth muscle and heart, causing vasodilation and slowing of heart rate.

Testing Pearls: used in Afib, HTN, or chronic headaches; monitor pulse; edema.

120
Q

Divalproex (Depakote)

A

MOA: not well known, possibly increasing GABA in the brain.

Testing Pearls: sedation; weight gain; ataxia, CNS changes.

121
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

A

MOA: Altered by bacterial flavoproteins to reactive intermediates which breakdown bacterial ribosomal proteins.

Testing Pearls: GI upset; nitrofurantoin lung (rare); avoid use if suspected kidney/systemic infection, good for UTI only.

122
Q

Mirtazapine (Remeron)

A

MOA: Multiple potential mechanisms include blocking alpha-2 receptors, as well as serotonin subtypes and histamine blockade.

Testing Pearls: weight gain; sedating; classified as antidepressant but often used for sleep/sedative properties.

123
Q

Latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

MOA: Prostaglandin agonist which increases aqueous humor outflow and reduces intraocular pressure.

Testing Pearls: used for glaucoma; will help eye lashes grow; can alter color of the eye.

124
Q

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

A

MOA: DPP-4-inhibitor - DPP-4 breaks down incretins like GLP-1 which are hormones that can reduce blood sugars by promoting fullness.

Testing Pearls: rare pancreatitis risk; GI side effects; low risk of hypoglycemia when used alone.

125
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA polymerase which prevents viral replication.

Testing Pearls: treatment of herpes and varicella viruses; GI upset; can accumulate in kidney disease.

126
Q

Doxazosin (Cardura)

A

MOA: Blocks alpha receptors which causes smooth muscle relaxation of the bladder neck and prostate and vasodilation.

Testing Pearls: Orthostasis risk; not selective for bladder so can be used for HTN and BPH; usually dosed at night.

127
Q

Eszopiclone (Lunesta)

A

MOA: Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic effects.

Testing Pearls: Used for insomnia only; dizziness/sedation; generally avoid in elderly.

128
Q

Niacin (Niaspan)

A

MOA: Inhibition of triglyceride synthesis by stimulating intracellular Apo-B degradation and reduces release of VLDL and LDL.

Testing Pearls: Can cause flushing; increases uric acid; option in reducing triglycerides.

129
Q

Propranolol (Inderal)

A

MOA: Non-selective beta blocker; reduced heart rate, blood pressure; may have higher risk for adverse effects due to non-selectivity (also lot of unique uses - tremor, esophageal varices, migraines).

Testing Pearls: pulse monitoring; can blunt beta-agonist activity (potentially exacerbate asthma, COPD); can block signs of hypoglycemia (exception sweating).

130
Q

Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone)

A

MOA: Partial opioid agonist that has a peak effect on stimulating the mu receptors combine with a full opioid antagonist (naloxone), used to treat opioid use disorder.

Testing Pearls: possible opioid like effects to a certain extent; prevents full opioid agonist from binding in management of addiction; needs a special prescribing certificate to prescribe for opioid use disorder.

131
Q

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

A

MOA: Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and possibly serotonin to help treat depression.

Testing Pearls: used in smoking cessation; avoid in patients with seizures; can contribute to insomnia.

132
Q

Guaifensesin (Robitussin)

A

MOA: Increases volume and reduces thickness of mucous (expectorant).

Testing Pearls: well tolerated; questionable effectiveness; take with lots of water.

133
Q

Topiramate (Topamax)

A

MOA: Blocks voltage dependent sodium and calcium channels, may have some activity on GABA as well.

Testing Pearls: Cognitive slowing, confusion; sedation; antiseizure medication, but often used for migraines.

134
Q

Buspirone (Buspar)

A

MOA: Serotonin partial agonist and 5HT1A receptors; possible activity at dopamine receptors as well.

Testing Pearls: Takes a while to work; used in anxiety; pretty well tolerated compared to benzodiazepines especially in elderly.

135
Q

Meclizine (Antivert)

A

MOA: Antihistamine effects at H1 receptors

Testing Pearls: sedation; anticholinergic side effects; primarily used for nausea and motion sickness.

136
Q

Tolterodine (Detrol)

A

MOA: Antagonist at muscarinic (M2 and M3) receptors which helps in the management of overactive bladder.

Testing Pearls: dry mouth; confusion; can exacerbate urinary retention.

137
Q

Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)

A

MOA: prevents catecholamine reuptake in CNS synapses leading to increased dopamine and norepinephrine.

Testing Pearls: weight loss; insomnia; anxiety, tachycardia, and increased BP.

138
Q

Quinapril (Accupril)

A

MOA: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme which ultimately leads to reduction in angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor)

Testing Pearls: cough; hyperkalemia; used to help protect the kidneys in diabetes

139
Q

Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein and RNA synthesis.

Testing Pearls: topical antibiotic ; skin irritation; MRSA coverage (but only as a topical agent)

140
Q

Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)

A

MOA: Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (anticancer) also is classified as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).

Testing Pearls: low doses used for RA; need to supplement with folic acid; dose once weekly and monitor liver function.

141
Q

Polyethylene Glycol (Miralax)

A

MOA: Osmotic laxative that draws moisture into the bowel to help relieve constipation.

Testing Pearls: Diarrhea; mix with 8oz. of fluid; rare possibility for electrolyte abnormalities.

142
Q

Fentanyl (Duragesic)

A

MOA: Binds, activates mu-opioid receptor.

Testing Pearls: Patch formulation; not for acute pain; very slow onset/offset.

143
Q

Benzonatate (Tessalon Pearls)

A

MOA: anesthetic types effects which can numb the throat and suppress cough.

Testing Pearls: sedation; GI upset; make sure you aren’t masking ACE inhibitor cough

144
Q

Irbesartan (Avapro)

A

MOA: Angiotensin receptor blocker - prevents the activity of angiotensin which is a vasoconstrictor.

Testing Pearls: hyperkalemia; alternate to ACE inhibitor; less incidence of cough compared to ACE inhibitors.

145
Q

Albuterol + Ipratropium (Duonebs, Combivent)

A

MOA: Combination beta-agonist and short acting anticholinergic.

Testing Pearls: dry mouth; tachycardia; tremor.

146
Q

Ibandronate (Boniva)

A

MOA: Inhibits resorption of bone by osteoclasts.

Testing Pearls: extremely long half life; administration without other drugs, food - with a plain glass of water, patient to remain upright after; usually reassessed after 5 years of use.

147
Q

Methadone (Methadose)

A

MOA: Binds, activates mu-opioid receptor.

Testing Pearls: Addiction/dependence risk; respiratory depression; constipation.

148
Q

Clotrimazole + Betamethasone (Lotrisone)

A

MOA: Combination antifungal and topical corticosteroid.

Testing Pearls: Fungal infections can take a while to treat; skin thinning with prolonged use; skin irritation.

149
Q

Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

A

MOA: Serotonin agonist at 5HT1D receptors - thought to cause vasoconstriction, but maybe a little more unknown now?

Testing Pearls: Caution in patients at high risk of cardiovascular concerns; treatment of acute migraine; CNS adverse effects like confusion.

150
Q

Nifedipine (Procardia)

A

MOA: Blocks the entry of calcium into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.

Testing Pearls: Edema, no action on the heart (compared to diltiazem, verapamil); used to help prevent angina and manage blood pressure.

151
Q

Famotidine (Pepcid)

A

MOA: Histamine 2 receptor antagonist which reduces gastric acid secretion leading to relief of heartburn and GI symptoms.

Testing Pearls: Slightly less potent than the PPI’s; can accumulate in kidney disease; tends to work a little quicker than the PPI’s.

152
Q

Finasteride (Proscar)

A

MOA: Inhibits 5 alpha reductase which prevent dihydrotesterone formation which contributes to enlargement of the prostate.

Testing Pearls: sexual dysfunction side effect; can be used for hair growth in baldness; takes months to shrink prostate.

153
Q

Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol)

A

MOA: Iron replacement.

Testing Pearls: deficiency can cause anemia and RLS; GI upset; constipation.

154
Q

Terazosin (Hytrin)

A

MOA: Blocks alpha receptors which causes smooth muscle relaxation of the bladder neck and prostate and vasodilation.

Testing Pearls: Orthostasis risk; not selective for bladder so can be used for HTN and BPH; usually dosed at night.

155
Q

Fish Oil (Lovaza)

A

MOA: Not well understood, but can help reduce triglycerides and increase HDL.

Testing Pearls: burping/fish taste; GI upset; rare potential to interfere with platelet aggregation (usually help around surgery)

156
Q

Tizanidine (Zanaflex)

A

MOA: Central alpha-2 receptor agonist which inhibits motor neurons and reduces spasticity.

Testing Pearls: sedation; dizziness; maybe a little better tolerated in the elderly than cyclobenzaprine.

157
Q

Risedronate (Actonel)

A

MOA: Inhibits resorption of bone by osteoclasts.

Testing Pearls: Extremely long half life; administration without other drugs, food - with a plain glass of water, patient to remain upright after; usually reassessed after 5 years of use.

158
Q

Memantine (Namenda)

A

MOA: Inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

Testing Pearls: CNS side effects like sedation, confusion; dose adjusted in kidney impairment; used in delaying progression of dementia.

159
Q

Insulin Aspart (Novolog)

A

MOA: Rapid acting insulin analog.

Testing Pearls: hypoglycemia; weight gain; targets post-prandial elevations in blood sugars.

160
Q

Aspirin

A

MOA: Non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) - Which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation.

Testing Pearls: Risk of Reye’s syndrome in pediactrics; typically used for cardiovascular protection as low dose 81-325 mg once daily; GI bleed risk.

161
Q

Clobetasol (Temovate)

A

Topical corticosteroid that can reduce inflammation, redness and itching.

Testing Pearls: Skin thinning; possible systemic effects with large quantities over longer periods of times; used for psoriasis and dermatitis.

162
Q

Bisoprolol (Zebeta)

A

MOA: Blocks beta-1-receptors (found primarily in the heart); prevents activity of sympathetic nervous system leading to reduction in heart rate and BP.

Testing Pearls: Pulse monitoring; can blunt beta-agonist activity (potentially exacerbate asthma, COPD); can block signs of hypoglycemia (exception sweating)

163
Q

Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)

A

MOA: Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates arteries and veins.

Testing Pearls: dizziness; headache; use for acute chest pain (angina); administer 3 tablets over 15 minutes.

164
Q

Varenicline (Chantix)

A

MOA: Partial nicotine agonist which prevents nicotine from binding and reduces reward sensation from smoking.

Testing Pearls: Vivid dreams and nightmares; GI upset; insomnia.

165
Q

Raloxifene (Evista)

A

MOA: Selective estrogen receptor modifies; blocks activity at some estrogen receptors and helps at others in management of reducing breast cancer risk and can help in osteoporosis.

Testing Pearls: DVT/PE risk; hot flashes; vaginal dryness.

166
Q

Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

A

MOA: Blockade of dopamine 2 receptors is primary mechanism.

Testing Pearls: Sedation and orthostasis risk; extrapyramidal symptoms; metabolic syndrome and QTc prolongation risk.

167
Q

Ondansetron (Zofran)

A

MOA: Inhibits 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to reduce nausea.

Testing Pearls: Rare QTc prolongation risk; often used in patient receiving emetogenic chemotherapy; CNS side effects.

168
Q

Ropinirole (Requip)

A

MOA: Dopamine agonist that can be used for Parkinson’s where there is a shortage of dopamine; more commonly used in RLS.

Testing Pearls: Edema; obsessive behaviors like excessive gambling, eating; GI side effects.

169
Q

Dicyclomine (Bentyl)

A

MOA: Anticholinergic that can be helpful in managing diarrhea and relaxing smooth muscle in patients with GI spasms and pain.

Testing Pearls: Constipation; dry eyes/dry mouth; confusion.

170
Q

Insulin Lispro (Humalog)

A

MOA: rapid acting insulin analog.

Testing Pearls: Hypoglycemia; weight gain; targets post-prandial blood sugars.

171
Q

Nabumetone (Relafen)

A

MOA: Non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) - which ultimately reduces the production of prostaglandins which are involved in pain/inflammation.

Testing Pearls: Increase GI bleed risk, take with food; exacerbates CHF/edema; inhibits platelet activity.

172
Q

Clarithromycin (Biaxin)

A

MOA: Binds 50s ribosomal subunit and prevents protein synthesis.

Testing Pearls: Numerous CYP3A4 drug interactions (inhibitor); GI adverse effects; rare risk for QTc prolongation.

173
Q

Lidocaine patch (Lidoderm)

A

MOA: Binds to neuronal membrane receptors and inhibits sodium ion influxes and prevents cell action potential

Testing Pearls: Local pain relieving effects; 12 hours on/12 off; systemic side effects usually minimal.

174
Q

Dutasteride (Avodart)

A

MOA: Inhibits 5 alpha reductase which prevent dihydrotestosterone formation which contributes to enlargement of the prostate.

Testing Pearls: Sexual dysfunction side effect; fatigue; takes months to shrink prostate.

175
Q

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

A

MOA: not well understood, possibly blocking voltage gated sodium channels.

Testing Pearls: Ataxia, CNS changes with toxicity; highly protein bound drug, low albumin can increase toxicity risk; enzyme inducing type effect on CYP3A4 and others.

176
Q

Colchicine (Colcrys)

A

MOA: Binds to tubulin and prevents microtubule polymerization - reduces a gout flare and prevents it as well.

Testing Pearls: Diarrhea; rare indication for prophylaxis and treatment; dose adjusted with poor kidney function.

177
Q

Moxifloxacin (Avelox)

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA gyrase in bacteria which prevents DNA separation and cell division.

Testing Pearls: Risk of spontaneous tendonitis or tendon rupture; considered a respiratory fluoroquinolone only; binding interaction with iron and calcium can reduce absorption.

178
Q

Baclofen (Lioresal)

A

MOA: Not well understood; skeletal muscle relaxant.

Testing Pearls: Used in management of spasms; sedation, confusion; can be used on an as needed basis.

179
Q

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

A

MOA: Not well understood, originally was used as antimalarial drug, in US, primarily used as DMARD in RA and Lupus.

Testing Pearls: eye exams required; LFT/CBC monitoring; takes a while to begin working (not a quick acting medication in RA or Lupus).

180
Q

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

A

MOA: Increases activity of antithrombin that ultimately inactivates factor 10a; some activity against clotting factor 2a (thrombin), but less than heparin.

Testing Pearls: injection; bleed risk; risk a heparin induced thrombocytopenia.

181
Q

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

A

MOA: Possible inhibition of norepinephrine transporter - used in ADHD.

Testing Pearls: Insomnia, anxiety, weight loss; not a controlled substance (compared to methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives); can worsen agitation, irritability and possibly cause suicidal thoughts.

182
Q

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

A

MOA: H1 receptor antagonist which leads to relief of allergy symptoms and causes sedation.

Testing Pearls: Anticholinergic effects; used for itching, mild to moderate allergic reactions; over the counter availability.

183
Q

Ketoconazole (Nizoral)

A

MOA: Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14alpha-demthylase.

Testing Pearls: 3A4 drug interactions (amiodarone, phenytoin, warfarin, etc.);primarily used as topical agent (if so, side effects are pretty minimal); liver concerns.

184
Q

Nortriptyline (Pamelor)

A

MOA: Inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, leading to increased concentrations in the synapse.

Testing Pearls: Highly anticholinergic (sedation, confusion, dry eye, etc.); can be used for pain syndromes (migraines, fibromyalgia, etc.); higher risk of cardiac concerns in overdose compared to SSRI’s so less often used for depression.

185
Q

Benztropine (Cogentin)

A

MOA: Anticholinergic that is centrally acting and can inhibit dopamine uptake in the synapse - used to prevent EPS from antipsychotics and possible benefit in Parkinson’s.

Testing Pearls: Anticholinergic side effects like dry eyes, dry mouth, confusion, sedation; if patients are benefitting from antipsychotics but experiencing EPS, this drug may be used; not well tolerated in elderly.

186
Q

Minocycline (Minocin)

A

MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit.

Testing Pearls: Increase sensitivity to sunburn; binding interactions with calcium and iron; most often used for skin disorders (i.e. acne).

187
Q

Pantoprazole (Protonix)

A

MOA: Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells (reduces hydrogen ion - stomach acid concentration in stomach).

Testing Pearls: Short term only recommended for GERD; associated with low magnesium and B12; most potent acid blocking medication class.

188
Q

Cefuroxime (Ceftin)

A

MOA: Inhibits penicillin binding protein which prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Testing Pearls: Diarrhea; nausea/vomiting; broader spectrum coverage than cephalexin.

189
Q

Oxybutynin (Ditropan)

A

MOA: Antagonist at muscarinic receptors which helps in the management of overactive bladder.

Testing Pearls: Dry mouth; confusion; can exacerbate urinary retention.

190
Q

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

A

MOA: Not well known; possible anti-seizure activity due to inhibition of presynaptic calcium channels.

Testing Pearls: Sedation; confusion; can accumulate in kidney disease.

191
Q

Hydralazine (Apresoline)

A

MOA: Not well understood, directly vasodilator, reduces blood pressure.

Testing Pearls: Dosed multiple times per day; can exacerbate, cause Lupus; low blood pressure, dizziness risk.

192
Q

Liraglutide (Victoza)

A

MOA: Acts like human incretin (GLP-1-agonist) which can aid in promoting fullness, decrease appetite and possibly stimulate insulin release.

Testing Pearls: Weight loss effect as well as lowering blood sugars; injection, GI side effects; avoid in patients who’ve had thyroid cancer

193
Q

Prasugrel (Effient)

A

MOA: Blocks binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor; by doing this, it prevents platelet aggregation.

Testing Pearls: bleed risk; often used in combination with aspirin following stenting; costlier than clopidogrel.

194
Q

Mirabegron (Myrbetriq)

A

MOA: Acts as an agonist at Beta-3 type receptors which causes detrusor smooth muscle relaxation and can help with overactive bladder.

Testing Pearls: Increase in blood pressure; increase heart rate; unique mechanism from anticholinergic medication used for OAB.

195
Q

Canagliflozin (Invokana)

A

MOA: Inhibits SGLT-2 which helps keep glucose in the urine - so ultimately reduces blood sugar.

Testing Pearls: Risk of urinary tract infections; mild diuretic effect; monitor kidney function.

196
Q

Apixaban (Eliquis)

A

MOA: Inhibits clotting factor 10a to prevent blood clots and stroke.

Testing Pearls: Dose adjustments base don age, weight, and kidney function; alternative to warfarin without routine INR requirement; bleed risk.

197
Q

Tradjenta (Linagliptin)

A

MOA: DPP-4 inhibitor - DPP-4 breaks down incretins like GLP-1 which are hormones that can reduce blood sugars by promoting fullness.

Testing Pearls: rare pancreatitis risk; GI side effects; low risk of hypoglycemia when used alone.

198
Q

Dulaglutide (Trulicity)

A

MOA: Acts like human incretin (GLP-1 agonist) which can aid in promoting fullness, decrease appetite and possibly stimulate insulin release.

Testing Pearls: weight loss effect as well as lowering blood sugars; injection (once weekly), GI side effects; avoid in patients who’ve had thyroid cancer.

199
Q

Morphine (MS Contin)

A

MOA: binds, activates mu-opioid receptor.

Testing Pearls: Addiction/dependence risk; respiratory depression; constipation.

200
Q

Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

A

MOA: Inhibits SGLT-2 which helps keep glucose in the urine - so ultimately reduces blood sugar.

Testing Pearls: Risk of urinary tract infections; mild diuretic effect; monitor kidney function.

201
Q

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

A

MOA: Inhibits clotting factor 10a to prevent blood clots and stroke.

Testing Pearls: Dose adjustments based on age, weight, and kidney function; alternative to warfarin without routine INR requirement, bleed risk.

202
Q

Amiodarone (Cordarone)

A

MOA: Class 3 antiarrhythmic; likely inhibits potassium and sodium channels which increase the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle contraction.

Testing Pearls: LFT monitoring; TSH monitoring; can cause pulmonary fibrosis.

203
Q

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

A

MOA: Sodium channel antagonist used in the management of seizure, bipolar, and trigeminal neuralgia.

Testing Pearls: Potent enzyme inducer, lots of drug interactions; LFT monitoring; hyponatremia risk.

Pharmacology Top 200 Drug List (1 decks)

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