Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm 1 > Pharm test 3 (Vaccines, GI, UTI, Ophthalmic) > Flashcards

Pharm test 3 (Vaccines, GI, UTI, Ophthalmic) Flashcards

1
Q

Adjuvant

A

Added to a vaccine to improve immune response. Tetanus is added to alum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conjugate Vaccine

A

Linking weak antigens to stronger ones. MC a bacterial polysacharride (H.flu).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of live, attenuated vaccines

A

Adenovirus

Measles

Mumps

Rubella

Smallpox

Varicella-Zoster

Yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of killed vaccines

A

Polio

Rabies

Hepatitis A

Influenza (killed or attenuated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of vaccine is LAIV/FluMist?

Who is it approved for?

A

It is a live attenuated influenza vaccine.

Delivered as a nasal spray.

Approved for healthy people 2-49 years old.

Not for PG or sick people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two forms of the HPV vaccine?

A

Gardasil is quadravalent (16, 18, 6, and 11)

Cervarix is bivalent (16 and 18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hib Vaccine

A

Effective against all Hib type B but not against non-tybe B Haemophilus influenza.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meningococal vacine

A

Recommended for people living in close proximity to one another, dorms or barracks.

It is one example of a conjugate vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pneumococcal Vaccine

(MC pneumovax)

A

Fights Strep. Pneumoniae.

**Use for people who are: asplenic, diabetic, have chronic renal disease. **

23-valent vaccine

Ineffective for children under 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are five drug categories used to treat IBD?

A

Aminosalicylates

Antibiotics

Corticosteroids

Immunomodulatory agents

Probiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5-ASA / Mesalamine

A

Class: Aminosalicylates

Indications: IBD

MOA: Inhibition of leukotriene production, anti-PG, anti-oxidant.

Char: PO, IM, IV, PR.

SE: N/V, diarrhea, Abd pain.

**Contains aspirin. **

Pro-drug forms are also available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which type of IBD benefits more from ABX

A

Crohn’s patients do bedder with ABX than UC patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which two ABX are common for IBD?

A

Metronidazole (don’t drink alcohol)

Ciprofloxin (tendun rupture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rifaximin / Ixifaxin

A

Based on the structure of Rifampin

Mostly used for Traveler’s diarrhea or hepatic encephalopathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prednisone / Deltasone

A

Class: Glucorticoid/corticosteroid

Indications: Preferred for reactive airway Dz or moderate/severe allergic RXN.

MOA: Affects gene transcription to either stimulate or repress protein production.

Char; PO, IM, IV, PR.

SE: INFX, HTN, hyperglycemia, bone loss, etc.

Only effective in 35-50% of IBD patients.

Take the drug all at once in the morning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Budenoside / Entocort

A

Synthetic glucocorticoid for mild-moderate Crohn’s.

Delayed release until it reaches the ileum and ascending colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Azthioprine / Immuran

A

Class: Immunomodulator

Indication: IBD, RA, other AI conditions, transplant rejection, CA chemo

MOA: Inhibits purine synthesis, apoptosis of T-cells.

Char: PO, IM, IV. This is a pro-drug that is converted to mercaptopurine.

SE: Nausea, fative, hair loss, and rash. More susceptible to INFX.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

You can’t donate blood when taking this drug

A

Azthioprine / Immuran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Infliximib / Remicade

A

Class: Immunomodulator - TNF inhibitor

Ind: IBD, RA, psoriasis, AI

MOA: Inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-Alpha

Char: human-murine monoclonel antibody, IM or SQ

SE: Marked susceptibility to infection and sepsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should you never do in a patient with a suspected bowel obstruction?

A

**Never give an oral laxative, only give it PR. **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

A

Insoluble fiber posseses passive water attracting properties that increase bulk and decrease transit time.

Soluble fiber is metabolized via fermentation and yeilds products that improve bowel health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Psyllium / Metamucil

A

Class: Fiber Laxative

Ind: Constipation, irritable bowel, reduces colon CA risk, lowers cholesterol.

MOA: Made from groudn psyllium husks that contain both soluble an insoluble fiber.

Char: PO (powder, capsule, wafer)

SE: May cause diarrhea, avoid in suspected obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Docusate / Colace

A

Category: Stool softner

Ind: Constipation, hemorrhoids, reduce straining

MOA: Anionic surfactant

Char: Capsule, liquid, suppository.

SE: Flatulence, bloating, cramping, diarrhea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide / Mild of magnesia

A

Class: Osmotic laxative, antacid

Ind: Constipation, indigestion

MOA: Mg salts are poorly absorbed and act as osmotic agents to draw water into the GI tract.

Char: PO, chewable tablets, capsules, liquids.

SE: Diarrhea, cramping, electrolyte imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bisacodyl / Dulcolax
Class: Stimulant laxative Ind: Constipation MOA: Increases intestinal motility Char: PO, 2-6 hours to effect. SE: Diarrhea, cramping, sweating, laxative dependence.
26
Loperamide / Imodium
Class: Antidiarrheal \*\*analog of meperidine\*\* Ind: Acute or chronic diarrhea MOA: Diminished peristalsis due to activation of opiate receptors in GI tract. Opiate receptor agonist. Acts only on the meyenteric plexi of the intestine and does not stimulate opiate receptors in the brain. Char: PO SE: Dizziness, H/A. CI in bacterial infections with fever or in severe colitis because there is a risk of toxic mega-colon.
27
Which drug is an analog of meperidine?
**Loperamide / Imodium**
28
Diphenoxylate with atropine / Lomotil
Class: Antidiarrheal Ind: Acute diarrhea MOA: Combo of morphine analog and acetylcholine inhibitor results in diminished peristalsis. Char: PO, generally not used beyond 48 hours SE: Dry mouth is common, urinary retention, abd pain. Generally, avoid when diarrhea is with fever. CI with bacterial or parasitic infetions. CI in severe colitis (toxic megacolon).
29
What class of drug would you use to treat mild nausea? What about moderate to severe?
Mild = Antihistamines Moderate-severe = 5-HT3 receptor site blockers
30
Meclizine / Antivert
Class: Antiemetic Ind: Mild to moderate nausea MOA: H1 histamine blocker Char: PO, Sedating antihistamine SE: Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, urinary retention
31
Metoclopramide / Reglan
Class: Antiemetic/pro-kinetic Ind: Mild/moderate nausea, gastric stasis, GERD MOA: DA 2 blocker and mixed 5HT3 antagonist 5HT4 agonist Char: Increases peristalsis SE: Drowsiness, dizziness, H/A Use with caution in Parkonsin's Dz
32
Ondansetron / Zofran
Class: Antiemetic Ind: Severe nausea MOA: Blockade of 5HT3 receptor sites Char: PO, IV, good for chemo SE: Dizziness, H/A
33
Emetic / Ipecac
Class: Emetic Ind: Induction of vomiting for drug OD or poisoning MOA: Stimulation of medullary chemoreceptor trigger zones and local GI irritation Char: PO works in 10-30 minutes. Give with H2O SE: Abdominal muscle spasm, dizziness, dehydration CI if pt is not fully conscious or for caustic poisoning Not given with charcol (absorbs the drug)
34
Calcium carbonate / Tums
Class: Antacid Ind: GERD MOA: Neutralize stomach acid Char: PO, SE: Constipation, altered absorption
35
Ranitidine / Zantac
Class: H2 histamine receptor antagonist Ind: Gastritis, PUD, GERD MOA: Blocks action of histamine on parietal cellsin the stomach, decreasing acid production Char: PO, IV SE: Well tolerated, H/A, confusion, dizziness, rash.
36
Omeprazole / Prilosec
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor Ind: Gastritis, PUD, GERD MOA: In hibits H/K ATPase pump of parietal cells, reducing acid secretion Char: PO, generally used 2-8 weeks for GERD and 1-2 weeks for PUD. SE: H/A, dizziness, diarrhea.
37
Esomeprazole / Nexium
A single enantiomer of omeprazole / prilosec
38
**Triple therapy for PUD**
PPI Based = PPI and 2 ABX for 1-2 weeks Bismuth based = Bismuth subsalicylate and 2 ABX for 1-2 weeks
39
How does bismuth affect H. pylori?
Damages the H. pylori cell wall and reduces bacterial adherence to mucosal cells.
40
What are the ABX options for PUD triple therapy?
Amoxicillin Erythromycin Clarithromycin Tetracycline Metronidazole
41
What is a sample prescription for PUD triple therapy?
Omeprazole / Prilosec 20mg BID Amoxicillin / Amoxil 1gm BID Clarithromycin / Biazin 500mg QD Taken for 7-14 days with H. Pylori lab tests as a follow up
42
Oxybutynin / Ditropan
Class: Anticholinergic medication Ind: Urge incontinence or hyperhidrosis MOA: Competitive antagonism of M3 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors Char: PO, 2-4x a day. **SE: Dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness, and diminished sweating. ** **Risk of heat stroke when exercising on this med. **
43
What is the main approach mechanism for treating urge incontinance?
Medications block acetylcholine action on the bladder and diminish the detrusor muscle contraction.
44
Tolterodine / Detrol
Class: Anticholinergic medication Ind: Urge incontinence MOA: Competitive antagonism of M2 and M3 miscarinic receptors. SE: Few side effects, seems to target the bladder more than other tissues. Potential interaction with drugs metabolized by P450 enzymes.
45
Imipramine / Tofranil
Class: Trycyclic antidepressant, can also treat urge incontinance and enuresis. MOA: Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Appears to diminish acetylcholine uptake in smooth muscle. Char: Given at bed time for enuresis. SE: Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, insomnia, flushing, tremulousness, and weight gain. **\*Increased risk for suicidal ideation and suicide** **\*Overdose can be fatal due to heart block**
46
What should you always check in kids with enuresis?
Draw blood sugar, enuresis may be a sign of diabetes.
47
What are the two main medications for management of BPH?
Alpha blockers (relax smooth muscle in the prostate and the bladder neck) 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (decrease production of DHT, the hormone responsible for prostatic enlargement)
48
Tamusolin / Flomax
Class: Alpha 1 receptor antagonist Ind: BPH MOA: Smooth muscle relaxation via alpha adrenergic antagonism Char: Preferential selectivity for the alpha 1A receptors found in the prostate versus the alpha 1B receptors found in blood vessels. SE: Possible retrograd ejaculation.
49
What works faster, alpha blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?
Alpha blockers work faster but have a shorter duration.
50
**Finasteride / Proscar**
Class: 5-ARI Ind: BPH MOA: Blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone **Char: Propecia is a lower dose of the same drug, used to treat male pattern baldness. ** SE: Impotency, Category X in PG.
51
Phenazopyridine / Pyridium
Class: Made from a dye, not an ABX Ind: Relieve pain, burning, and urge to urinate due to cystitis. Does not treat the cause. MOA: Unknown, acts as a bladder analgesic. Char: PO 100-200mg, 2-3x/day PRN. Takne for only 2 days. SE: Turns urine orange or red, this indicats a therapeutic dose has been reached. H/A, nausea, yellowish discoloration in skin/eyes. Do not wear contact lenses, the drug can permanently discolor the contacts. (DT decreased kidney excretion and is reversable).
52
How do estrogen meds affect bladder infections?
Oral estrogen use can increase bladder infections, topical estrogen use doesn't carry the same risk.
53
What do mydriatics do?
They dilate the pupil
54
What do Cycloplegics do?
The cause paralysis of accommodation Ex. Homatropine
55
What do miotics do?
They cause pupillary constriction Ex. Pilocarpine
56
What test should you always do on patients presenting with pink eye? What should the results be?
Always do a visual acuity exam, vision should be normal and painless.
57
Tetrahydrozoline / Visine
Class: Ocular astringent, redness reliever Ind: "Gets the red out", allergies MOA: Vasoconstriction Char: Solution contains tetrahydrozoline (vasoconstriction) and Zinc sulfate (astringent) SE: Local irritation, rebound vasodilation ALSO AN ALPHA -AGONIST --\> VASOCONSTRICTION
58
Azelastine / Optivar
Class: Ocular Antihistamine Ind: Allergic conjunctivitis Char: Solution SE: Local irritation, very limited systemic absorbtion
59
Ketorolac / Acular
Class: Ocular NSAID Ind: Ocular discomfort from swelling MOA: Cyclooxygenase inhibitor Char: Solution SE: Local irritation, limited systemic absorption, no increased risk of cataracts or glaucoma.
60
Bacitracin-Polymyxin B / Polysporin Ophthalmic
Class: ABX Ind: Bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers, styes, infected tear ducts. Prophylactic after corneal abrasion. MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, bactericidal Char: solutions, ointments, applied in different time schedules. Se: Local irritation, low systemic absorption.
61
Vidarabine / Ara-A
Class: Antiviral, specific for HSV Ind: Herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis MOA: Inhibits viral DNA synthesis Char: Ointment, solution for ophthalmic use, IV Ineffective for optical herpes zoster. SE: Local irritation, low systemic absorption.
62
What are the four key signs for acute angle-closure glaucoma?
Red eye Discomfort Descreased peripheral vision Pupil that doesn't move much
63
Timolol / Timoptic
Class: Ocular Beta-adrenergic antagonist Ind: glaucoma MOA: Blocks the ocular effects of epinephrine which serves to reduce the production of the aqueous humor. Char: Solution and gels SE: Systemic absorption --\> Worsening of asthma or pmphysema, low BP, fatigue, impotence.
64
Latanoprost / Xalatan
Selective prostaglandin receptor agonist that increases uveoscleral outflow. Improves outflow of aqueous humor and reduces IOP. Few SE, local irritaiton, may cause lengthening and thickening of the eyelashes.
65
What are the two main treatment options for glaucoma?
Use either a prostaglandin analog or a beta-blocker

Pharm 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions