pharm study guide Flashcards
pharmacology
Pharmacology is the scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on
living organisms where a drug can be broadly defined as any chemical substance, natural or
synthetic, which affects a biological system. Pharmacology may involve how organisms handle
drugs, identification and validation of new targets for drug action, and the design and
development of new drugs to prevent, treat and cure disease
Pharmacogenomics:
is a field of research that studies how a person’s genes affect how he or
she responds to medications.
Pharmacogenetics:
is the study of how differences in a gene affect each person’s response to a
certain medication. It can help predict how a person will process a medication and provides
caution about potential side effects.
Toxicology:
Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that
chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Some
refer to toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has evolved from a science
focused on studying poisons and adverse effects of chemical exposures, to a science devoted to
studying safety.
Adverse reactions (ADR):
is defined as any response to a drug that is noxious, unintended and
occurs at doses normally used for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of a disease
Adverse effects:
are the clinical manifestations of an adverse reaction. Typically they are
referred to in commercials as side effects, although a side effect can be beneficial
Allergic reaction:
occurs in only a small
population.
Characterized by a rapid
development following
re-exposure to the
allergen.
Drug interactions:
when the effects of one drug is altered by taking a different drug, a health
product or with food. The interaction can be positive (duplication of the effect) or negative
(antagonism) but can also alter the drug’s action.
*Tolerance:
The development of resistance to the effects of the drug such that the drug’s dose
must be continually raised to elicit the desired response, or a new class of drugs must be used to
produce the desired effect.
- Cumulative effect:
when the body is not able to metabolize and excrete one dose of the drug before the next dose is administered. This can result in cumulative toxicity.
- Antagonism:
when the effects of one drug negate or antagonizes the activity of another.
- Synergism:
The combined action of two or more drugs produces an effect which is greater from
using each one of them separately.
- Potentiation:
when one drug does not elicit a response on its own but enhances the response to
another drug.
- Additivity:
the effect of taking two or more drugs is equal to the sum of the effect for taking
each one individually.
Important for assignment 2 and throughout the course!
*Pharmacokinetics:
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug,
refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its
absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/overview-of-pharmacokinetics