pharm/stats Flashcards
This drug acts as a ganglionic blocker, I.E. it is a nicotinic receptor antagonist
Hexamethonium (mecamylamine is another ganglionic blocker)
How is time needed to reach steady state related to half life?
One half life to reach 50% SS, two to reach 75%, three to reach 87.5% and four to reach 93.75%.
How does a muscarinic agonist vasodilate?
stimulate M3 receptors (Gq) leading to activated phospholipase C, raising levels of IP3 and DAG. IP3 produces increased intracellular Ca which activates nitric oxide synthase and produces NO, NO diffuses to smooth muscle and rises cGMP by activating guanylate cyclase, which dephosphorylates myosin light chains = relaxation.
MOA of reserpine
reserpine blocks vesicular uptake of monoamine neurotransmitters, making the neurotransmitters more susceptible to actions of MAO in the nerve terminals. Chronic use of reserpine will deplete the synaptictic cleft of norepi, so for any agent to have an effect it would need to act directly on post synaptic receptors.
Which agents are best suited for treating diabetic gastroparesis?
Use D2 receptor antagonists like prochlorperazine or metoclopromide.
Which prostaglandin can be used to induce abortion?
PGE2 (dinoprostone)
Why can sucralfate not be used with H2 antagonist?
requires a low gastric pH for polymerization and action, so it is incompatible with drugs that lower the parietal cell’s ability to produce protons.
How can we increase the elimination of weak acids? what about weak bases?
Ionized species are trapped in the urine and cleared quickly.
Weak acids (phenobarb, methotrexate, aspirin) will be trapped in their conjugate base form. Therefore we want to alkalinize the urine by using NaBicarb.
Weak bases (amphetamines) will be trapped in their conjugate acid state, so we want to acidify the urine with ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid.
what are two good properties of bleomycin and vincristine that make them good to sue with leukemias/lymphomas
They don’t cause bone marrow suppression.
T-test vs. ANOVA vs. Chi-square
T-test = checks differences between means of 2 groups (Mr. T is mean)
ANOVA = checks differences of the means of 3 or more groups
Chi square = checks differences between 2 or more precentages/proportions of categorical outcomes
what does two way interaction mean in the context of an ANOVA analysis?
two of the three variables in the study affect the efficacy of the measured intervnetion.
a one way interaction would mean that any one of hte varriables in isolation can effect the interventions efficacy.
What is the difference between classical conditioning, and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning = learning in which a natural response is elicited by a conditioned or learned stimulus that was previously presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning = learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a reward
Describe these types of operant conditining... Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement punishment extinction
PR = desired reward produces action NR = target behavior is followed by removal of aversive stimulus Punishment = apply aversive stimulus to extinguish unwanted behavior Extinction = discontinjue reinforcement to eliminate behavior
What is the difference between Precision and accuracy
Precision = consistency and reproducibility (reliability)
Accuracy = trueness of tests measuremens (validity)
Carb, vincristine, cyclophosphamide = what complication associated with kidneys?
SIADH
