Pharm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Anti-Infective Medications?
A
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Bacteriostatic Inhibitors, Aminoglycosides, Monobactams, UT Antiseptics, Antimycobacterials, Anti-Hansen’s disease, Antiviral, Fluoroquinolones, Antiprotozoals, and Antifungals
2
Q
1 Fluid Oz = ?mL
A
30
3
Q
1 Tbs = ?mL
A
15
4
Q
1 Tbs = ?tsp
A
3
5
Q
1 gr = ?mg
A
60
6
Q
SubQ Injections use what size needles?
A
3/8 - 5/8 & 25-27 Gauge at 45 - 90 Degrees
7
Q
IM Injections use what size needles?
A
18-27 Gauge and 1-1.5” @ 90 degrees
8
Q
Sodium normal limits?
A
135-145
9
Q
What do antimicrobials treat?
A
Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections
10
Q
Adverse reactions of antibiotics? (Generally)
A
Hypersensitivity or Anaphylaxis, Toxicity, Lower Efficacy of contraceptives, superinfection, or increased efficacy of warfarin
11
Q
Penicillin acts by doing what?
A
Destroying bacteria through weakening of cell wall
12
Q
What is penicillin used for?
A
Strep Pneumonia, Viridans, and Pyogenes. First choice for Syphilis and meninigitis. Prophylaxis for endocarditis
13
Q
Adverse effects of penicillin?
A
Anaphylaxis, Renal Impairment, Hyperkalemia (Increases with dosing)
14
Q
Contraindications of penicillin?
A
Allergies, Cephalosporin (Allergy), and Kidney Dysfunction
15
Q
Interactions of penicillin?
A
Aminoglycosides and oral contraceptives (makes them less efficacy)
16
Q
How do cephalosporins work?
A
Destroy bacteria through weakening of cell wall
17
Q
Use cephalosporins for?
A
Broad spectrum have high TI for postop infections, meningitis, and pelvic infections
18
Q
Adverse effects of cephalosporins?
A
Anaphylaxis, Bleeding, Thrombophlebitis, Cross Allergy w/ penicillins, pseudomembranous colitis
19
Q
Contraindications of cephalosporins
A
penicillin allergy, kidney dysfunction, and anticoagulant/antiplatelet/thrombolytics
20
Q
Interactions with cephalosporins
A
Alcohol intolerances, probenecid because of decreased renal excretion
21
Q
Carbapenems action?
A
Destroy bacteria cell wall
22
Q
Carbapenems are used for
A
Pneumonia, Peritonitis, and UTIS
23
Q
Adverse effect of Carbapenems?
A
Allergy, GI Symptoms, and Superinfection
24
Q
Contraindications of Carbapenem?
A
Caution with renal impairment
25
Action of monobactams?
Destroy bacteria through destruction of cell wall
26
Frequent use of monobactams?
MRSA, C Dif, and AA Pseudomembranous colitis
27
Adverse effects of Monobactams?
OTOTOXIC!!!!!!!!! Infusion reaction (Red Man), and Thrombophlebitis
28
Contraindications of Monobactam?
Renal Impairment, Infuse over 60 mins, very low TI
29
Tetracyclines actions?
Bacteriostatic prevents protein synthesis
30
Uses of tetracyclines?
Acne, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Helicobacter pylori, periodontal disease, typhus, RMSF, Lyme, UTI
31
AE's of tetracycline?
GI symptoms, tooth discolor, hepatotoxic, photosensitive, superinfection of bowel
32
Contraindications of Tetracyclines
Renal Disease, Use during pregnancy stain deciduous teeth
33
Interactions of tetracyclines?
Calcium Heavy or Magnesium heavy items decrease absorption and decrease oral contraceptives efficacy
34
How do you take tetracyclines?
Give on empty stomach with water (except doxycycline & minocycline)
35
How do bacteriostatic inhibitors work? (Macrolides/Ketolides)
Inhibit protein synthesis and are bactericidal at high doses
36
Macrolides & Ketolides are used for?
Pts with penicillin allergies, pertussis, diptheria, or legionnaires, chlamydia, mycoplasma, streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)
37
AE's of Macro/Keto-Lides
GI discomfort and thrombophlebitis
38
Contraindications of Macro/Keto-Lides
Liver Disease
39
Interactions of Macro/Keto-Lides
Antihistamines, Theophylline, Carbamazepine, and Warfarin
40
How should you give Macro/Keto-Lides?
On empty stomach with water
41
Aminoglycosides action?
Disruption of protein synthesis
42
Aminoglycosides are used for?
E. Coli, Pneumonia, and Aeruginosa, also used for amebiasis and tapeworm
43
Aminoglycosides AE's?
Ototoxic, Nephrotoxic (most important), neuromuscular blockade, hypersensitivity, and streptomycin
44
Contraindications of Aminoglycosides?
Renal impairment leading to reduced dosage
45
Interactions of aminoglycoside?
Ethacrynic acid (higher oto toxic), amphotericin, cephalosporins, vanco (neph tox), and penicillins
46
What are the Aminoglycosides?
Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, paromomycin, and Streptomycin
47
Abbrevation for aminoglycosides?
-Micin
48
What are the Penicillins?
Penicillin G, Augmentin (Amoxicillin), Nafcillin, and Carbenicillin
49
Abbreviation for Penicillin?
-cillin
50
Cephalosporins drugs?
Cephalexin, Cephapirin, Cefaclor, Cefotetan, Cefatrixaone, Cefotaxime, and Cefepime
51
Abbreviation for Cephalosporin?
Ceph-
52
Carbapenems drugs?
Imipenem and Meropenem
53
Abbrevation for Carbapenems?
-enem
54
Monobcatams drugs?
Vancomycin (MRSA), Aztreonam, Fosfomycin
55
Tetracycline drugs?
Tetracycline Hydrochloride, Doxycycline, and Minocycline
56
Macrolide/Ketolide Drugs?
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin
57
Abbreviation for Macrolides?
-mycin
58
Sulfonadmides-Trimethoprim action?
Inhibits folate synthesis
59
Sulfonadmides-Trimethoprim uses?
Med of choice for UTI by E.Coli
60
AE of Sulfo-Trim
Hypersensitivty, blood dyscrasis, crystalluria, and kernicterus (increased bili)
61
Contraindications of Sulfo-Trim
Avoid in folate def, pregnancy, creatining clearance <15, renal dysfunction
62
Interactions of Sulfo-Trim
Warfarin, Phenytoin, and Tolbutamid (Increase efficacy of these drugs)
63
Sulfonamides-Trimethoprim Drugs?
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (TMP-SMZ, Bactrim), Cotrim, Septra, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole
64
Antimycobacterial is used for?
Tuberculosis
65
Antimycobacterial drugs?
Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide
66
AE of Antimycobacterial drugs
Peripheral Neuropathy and Hepatotoxicity
67
Contraindications of Antimycobacterial Drugs
Liver Disease
68
Interactions of Antimycobacterial
Phenytoin and INH with Alcohol, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide raise hepatotoxicity
69
AE of Acyclovir?
Phlebitis, nephrotoxic, nausea, and headache
70
AE of ganciclovir?
Granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and reproductive toxicity, and teratogenic
71
Never do what for acyclovir?
Never do an IV bolus, infuse over 1 hour minimum
72
Fluoroquinolones have what action
Inhibition of enzyme needed for DNA
73
Prototype for fluoroquinolones?
Ciprofloxacin
74
Use of fluoroquinolones?
inhaled anthrax / broad spectrum
75
adverse effects of fluoroquinolones?
GI discomfort, achilles tendon rupture, and superinfection
76
contraindictions for fluoroquinolones?
avoid use in children <18 due to tendon rupture
77
interactions with fluoroquinolones?
Cations (Decreased absorption) and Theophylline and Warfarin (increase med plasma levels)
78
Antiprotozoals action?
Permeability leading to leakage of intracellular cations
79
Prototype of antiprotozoals?
Amphotericin, Flucytosine, Miconazole, Nystation, Griseofulvin, and ketoconazole
80
Use of antiprotozoals?
fungal infections
81
adverse effects of amphotericin
infusion reaction, thrombophlebitis, nephrotoxicity!!!!, hypokalemia!!!, and marrow suppresion
82
Ketoconazole adverse effects
hepatotoxicity and sex hormone effects (gynocomastia)
83
Interactions of antiprotozoals?
additive nephrotoxic (aminoglycosides) and antifugal potentiantes with flucytosine
84
Antiprotozoals information?
Very toxic infuse slowly and can damage renal kidneys
85
Prototypes for antiprotozoal?
metronidazole
86
Which immunity is acquired at birth?
Natural Immunity
87
A production of antibodies against antigens?
Specific acquired immunity
88
Action of B Cells?
Produces antibodies
89
Action of Helper T Cells? (CD4)
Activate B Cells and is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reaction
90
Action of Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8)?
Directly destroys target cells
91
MMR Vaccine is contraindicated in?
Patients with egg or neomycin allergies, history of thrombocytopenia
92
DTaP AE's?
Encephalopathy, Seizures, and local reaction
93
Patient can't have DTaP if?
Recent seizure or history of anaphylaxis
94
Hepatits Vaccine CI?
Bakers Yeast Allergy
95
Varicella Vaccine is CI in?
Pregnancy, Cancer, or Gelatin Allergy
96
Immunostimulants are?
Interferon Alfa, Aldesleukin, and Interleukin 2
97
What are immunostimulants used for?
Leukemia, Melanoma, and Kaposi's Sarcoma
98
Immunostimulant AE's are?
flu symptoms, marrow suppression, alopecia, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, hypotension
99
Immunostimulants interact with?
Theophylline (toxicity), Zidovudine (increased neutropenia), and Antihypertensives (additive hypotensive effect)
100
What do you not do with immunostimulants?
Shake the vial!!!!
101
What are immunosuppressants?
Cyclosporine, Glucocorticoids, Cytotoxics, Tacrolimus, and Methotrexate
102
What do immunosuppressants do?
Act on Helper T to suppress B Cell and Cytotoxic T
103
Immunosuppressants treat what?
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Myasthenia Gravis, and DM 1
104
AE of Immunosuppressants?
Teratogenesis and increased infection risk
105
Cyclosporine AE?
Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic
106
Interactions with Cyclosporine?
Pregnancy, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, TMP-SMZ (Lower efficacy), Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Amphotericin (increased toxic risk), Grapefruit juice increased toxic risk
107
Cyclosporine should be administered with?
Milk or Orange Juice and monitor for 30 minutes
108
Glucocorticoids prototype?
Prednisone and Prenisolone
109
AE of glucocorticoids?
Osteoporosis, renal insufficiency, and fluid retention
110
CI of gluco's?
systematic fungal infection or recurring live virus vaccines
111
Interactions with gluco's?
K+ Depleting Diuretics (Hypokalemia), NSAIDS (GI Ulcers), Glucocorticoids (hyperglycemia)
112
Antihistamines act how?
Act on H1 receptor to block histamine release
113
1st Generations Antihistamines?
Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, and Dimenhydrinate
114
2nd Generation Antihistamines?
Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, and Desloratadine
115
Antihistamines therapeutic use?
Allergic reactions, Motion Sickness, Anaphylaxis, and Insomnia
116
Adverse effects of 1st gen AH
Sedation, GI Discomfort, Acute Toxicity (Flushed face, fever, tachycardia), anticholinergic effects (dry)
117
Contraindications for 1st gen AH
3rd trimester, lactation, newborns, and elderly
118
1st Gen AH interacts with
Alcohol, Benzo, Opioids, and Barbiturates
119
Chemotherapy drug SE's
Bone marrow suppression, GI Discomfort, ALopecia, Mucositis, Reproductive Toxic, Hyperuricemia, extravasation
120
Salicylates and NSAIDS reduce what?
Platelet aggregation
121
Salicylates, NSAIDS, and Glucocorticoids pose a risk for?
Ulceration!
122
Acetaminophen has what properties?
Analgesic and Antipyretic NOT anti-inflammatory
123
NSAID Meds?
Aspirin, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketorolac, Valdecoxib, and Indomethacin
124
What is the expected action of NSAIDS?
Cyclooxygenase inhibition, with COX 2 decreasing inflammation and COX 1 decreasing platelet aggregation
125
Adverse effects of NSAIDS?
GI Discomfort such as ulceration or bleeding, Renal Dysfunction, Salicylism (Tinnitus, Alkalosis, or dizziness), Reye Syndrome
126
NSAID CI
Peptic ulcers, bleeding disorders, hypersensitivity, and pregnancy
127
NSAID Interactions
Warfarin (Increased bleeding), Alcohol (increased bleeding), Glucocorticoids (Increased bleeding), Ibuprofen (decreased antiplatelet)
128
Give NSAIDS with?
Food or Milk
129
Ketorolac uses?
Short term treatment of severe pain and enhances opioid analgesia
130
Adverse effects of ketorolac?
GI Bleeding and Blood Dyscrasias
131
CI of Ketorolac?
Stop after 5 days
132
Acetaminophen AE's
Acute liver toxicity
133
What is antidote to acetaminophen?
acetylcysteine
134
Alcohol causes what in acetaminophen?
Risk of liver failure
135
Warfarin does what to acetaminophen?
Increases levels
136
What are opioid agonists?
Morphine, Fentanyl, Meperidine, Methadone, Codeine, and Oxycodone
137
Adverse effects of opioid agonists?
Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, biliary colic, cough suppression, emesis
138
Contraindications for opioid agonists
Meperidine metabolites are neurotoxic, and increased cardiac workload
139
Interactions with Opioid Agonists?
CNS Depressants, Anticholinergics, MAOIs, and Antihypertensives
140
Antidote to opioid agonists?
Naloxone
141
Important fact about opioid you need to assess?
Respirations
142
What medicines are used for gout?
Colchicine, Indomethacin, Allopurinol, and Probenecid
143
Colchicine and Indomethacin work how?
Lower inflammation by preventing leukocyte inflitration
144
Allopurinol works how?
Inhibits production of uric acid
145
Probenecid works how?
Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid by renal tubules
146
What are Colc/Indo used for?
Acute gout
147
What are allo/prob used for?
Hyperuricemia
148
What is probenecid used for?
Prolong penicillin and cephalosporin effects
