Pharm Quiz 2 Flashcards
Role of the FDA
Regulate the development and sale of drugs
Ensures the safety and reliability of any drug
Mechanisms of Drug Action
1) Replace missing chemicals
2) Increase cellular activities
3) Depress cellular activities
4) Interfere with the functioning of foreign cells
Principles of drug dose and serum drug levels
-Therapeutic Range: the concentration range where the effects doesn’t cause harm to the body
-Trough: drawn before the administration
-Peak: drawn after the administration, judges therapeutic effect
-Half Life: time it takes for the amount of the drug in body at its peak to decrease by half the amount
Factors influencing drug action and effect
-Weight
-Age
-Sex
-Physiological Factors: dehydration
-Pathological Factors: kidney disease
-Genetic Factors
-Environmental factors
-Drug tolerance
Standards of Care with Medication Administration
-11 Rights of Medication Admin.
-3 checks : check drug label, check drug label again and compare it to the MAR, check drug label once more before giving (usually by the pt bed side.)
- Identifying Pt.: check id bracelet, validates pt name, ask pt to state name DOB
-Look alike, sound alike: meds have similar looking packages, names, and pronounces
-Tall man lettering: writes part of the drugs name in upper case letters
-TJC: accredits and certifies healthcare organizations
Nurses preventing Medication Errors
-Follow the 11 rights
-Minimize distractions
-Double check the dosing of medication
-Verify the medication order is complete
-Recheck calculations
-Check allergies
-Prepare medication one patient at a time
Legal and Ethical Issues
-Licensure: legal documents that permit a person to offer skills to the public
-NEVER give meds prepared from someone else
-NEVER document giving meds prior to administration
-Falsification or records: signing someone else’s name
-Handling controlled Substances (DEA): special laws that governs distribution and use of controlled substances
Types of Orders
-Routine
-Standing
-PRN
-One Time
-STAT
-Protocol
Math Knowledge with Vial Reconstitution
(Order/Have) x Supply = Amount
*If the order is above the bottles dosages, choose the one closest dose and preform calculations
*When between dosages, MAKE a decision that has as little amount for safety
Drug Development
-Preclinical testing: Initial trials, NO human subjects
-Phase 1: study of the potential drug, small numbers
-Phase 2: use of the drug tested on subjects with the condition it was made for
-Phase 3: use of drug in larger amount of people
-Phase 4: drug has been released
Controlled Substance Act
It governs the manufacture, importation, possession, and use of certain drugs
Patient Bill of Rights
Outlines what the patient can expect and their responsibilities while in the hospital
Patients have the right to refuse therapy. Be sure to educate the pt what they need and if the understand the information
Routs of medication administration
-Oral
-Ophthalmic
-Otic
-Sublingual/buccal
-Transdermal and topical
-Rectal
-Vaginal
-Pulmonary
-Nasogastric/gastric tubes
Parenteral: Intradermal, Subcutaneous,Intramuscular, Z-track
Implementing Medication Administration
-Remain with the pt and make sure that they take medication
-Never leave mediation at the bedside for the pt to take later
-Record medication administration immediatly after the pt has taken the medication
Critical components of a medication label
-Contains information that identifies a specific drug
-Identifies brand/genetic name, dose, expiration date, and special warnings
- Also indicates rout
Essential Components of a medication order
-Pt full name
- Pt DOB
- Name of medication
-Dosage
- Rout
-Time/frequency of admin.
- Signature of the person who wrote the order
Math Knowledge
(D/H) x Q = X
(order/amount) x quantity = X
Pharmaceutical Phase of a Drug Action
ADME
A: absorption
D: distribution
M: metabolism
E: excretion
First Pass Effect
Oral drugs are broken down in the liver before reaching the bloodstream
Oral: takes longer, needs to be in higher doses
Injection: takes effect right away, bypasses the liver
