Pharm Pract

Question 1

Narrow spectrum antibacterial agents need 2 specific things

Answer 1

Need an accurate diagnosis

target a segment of microorganisms

Question 2

Bactericidal

Answer 2

killing effect

Question 3

bacteriostatic

Answer 3

stop reproduction of bacteria and rely on the immune system to handle the limited number of infective cells

Question 4

Bactericidal agents

Answer 4

Penicillin
cephalosporins
quinolones
aminoglycosides

Question 5

bacteriostatic

Answer 5

sulphonamides
trimethoprim
macrolides
tetracyclines

Question 6

site of action of penicillin and cephalosporins

Answer 6

peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 7

site of action nucleic acids

Answer 7

quinolones

Question 8

site of action of sulphonamides and trimethoprin

Answer 8

folic acid synthesis

Question 9

which bacteria work for protein synthesis

Answer 9

macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol

Question 10

complications of antibacterials

Answer 10

cross sensitivity
direct toxicity
hypersenitivity
superinfections eg. Candida albicans- antibacterial + probiotic-> different times

Question 11

concern of overuse of antibacterials

Answer 11

Economic considerations
resistance
asking for product every time
unknown if killed or suppressed

Question 12

choice of drug

Answer 12

cost
efficiency of absorption
spectrum of activity
convenience of administration-dosage regimen
adverse effects

Question 13

Narrow spectrum products of penicillin vs gram +ve

Answer 13

Benzylpenicillin-destroyed in gastric pH-acidity in stomach

Phenoxymethulpenicillin-stable to be used orally

Question 14

Example of bacterial agent that is penicillinase-resistant

Answer 14

Flucloxacilin

Question 15

antipseudomonal penicillins

Answer 15

piperacilli, ticarcillin- vs gram -ve, parenterally

Question 16

clasifficiation of penicillins

Answer 16

Natural penicillins
broad spectrum
antipseudomonal
antistaphylococcal

Question 17

example of 1st,2,3 generation cephalosporins

Answer 17

Cefadroxil vs gram +ve cocci
Cefaclor, cefuroxime vs some gram -ve bacteria
cefotaxime- gram -ve bacteria

Question 18

Macrolides affective against…
macrolides side effects…
macrolides caution…
special importancce

Answer 18

Gram +ve bacteria
Nausea, vomiting, gastic pain- less prominent with azithromycin and clarithromycin
Hepatic and renal impairement and predisposition to QT prolongation
Used in hypersensititvity to penicillin

Question 19

what is telithromycin

Answer 19

a ketolide

Question 20

use of telithromycin

Answer 20

to treat
tonsillitis, community acquired pneumonia when conventional treatment is contra indicated
sinusitis
beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 21

disadvantages of telithromycin

Answer 21

may precipitate hepatic disorders
visual disturbance
transient loss of consciousness
used when risks is outweighed by benefit

Question 22

tetracyclines are active against …

Answer 22

Gram -ve
rickettsia
mycoplasma
brucella
chlamydia

Question 23

Tetracyclines is not to be taken with..

cautions

Answer 23

antacids and calcium containing products-milk
Tetracyclines are attracted to Ca, the drug attaches to Ca in bones and teeth causing impaired growth and development in children and pregnancy, also leads to dental discolouration
Pregnant women and children should not take tetracylines
Minocycline is an exception

Also contraindicated for renal disease

cautions: myasthenia gravis ad systemic lupus erythamtosus and hepatic failure

Question 24

Quinolones are active against…

Answer 24

Gram -ve and +ve mostly -ve
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Shigella

Question 25

Quinolones vs tetracyclines

Answer 25

Differences:
Fluoroquinolones block GABA vs seizures
photosensitivity - may cause a skin reaction if exposed to the sun without sun screen
similarities
involved with bone development so risk for elderly and pregnant women
Caution: renal and hepatic impairment