Pharm one liners and other high yield pharm Flashcards
1
Q
Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)</p>
A
Half-life (T1/2)
2
Q
Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin all do this
A
Induce CYP450
3
Q
Cimetidine, ketoconazole, isoniazid, and grapefruit all do this
A
Inhibit CYP450
4
Q
Ability of drug to produce the maximal biologic effect
A
Efficacy
5
Q
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors
A
Steroid and hormones
6
Q
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes transmembrane receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity
A
Insulin, EGF, TGFbeta, PDGF, ANP
7
Q
Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning
A
Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
8
Q
Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity
A
N-acetylcysteine
9
Q
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
A
Protamine Sulfate
10
Q
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
A
Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
11
Q
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
A
Aminocaproic acid
12
Q
Antidote used for opioid toxicity
A
Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)
13
Q
Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity
A
Flumazenil
14
Q
Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP
A
Allopurinol
15
Q
May protect against doxorubicin cardio-toxicity by chelating iron
A
Dexrazoxane
16
Q
Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis
A
Bleomycin
17
Q
Binds tubulin and prevents the disassembly of microtubules during the M phase of the cell cycle inducing mitotic arrest
A
Paclitaxel (taxol)
18
Q
Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer
A
Tamoxifen
19
Q
Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist
A
Odansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron
20
Q
Hormone inhibiting prolactin release
A
Dopamine
21
Q
ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality
A
Cosyntropin
22
Q
Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
A
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
23
Q
Agent of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism
A
Levothyroxine (T4)
24
Q
Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and indicated for pregnant women in 1st trimester
A
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
25
Propylthiouracil (PTU) mechanism of action
Inhibits thyroid peroxidase
26
Some side effects of corticosteroids
Hyperglycemia, Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis
27
Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors
Spironolactone
28
Common SE of spironolactone
Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia
29
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study)
Raloxifene
30
Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
31
Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase
Testosterone
32
Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin production
C-peptide
33
Long acting insulin
NPH Insulin
34
Amino acid derivative for treatment of Type II diabetes
Nateglinide
35
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx
Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
36
Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption
Calcitonin (salmon prep)
37
Drug that causes contraction of the uterus
Oxytocin
38
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3
Smooth muscle and mast cells; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
39
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating
Diphendydramine
40
2nd generation antihistamines
Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
41
H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs
Cimetidine
42
5HT-1D/1B agonist used for migraine headaches
Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan
43
Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding
Oxytocin and ergonovine
44
Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor
Cyproheptadine
45
5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced emesis
Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron and palonosetron
46
Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug
LSD
47
Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia
Bromocriptine
48
Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema
Bradykinin
49
Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)
Capsaicin
50
Prostaglandins that cause abortions
Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol), PGE2, and PGF2alpha
51
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
Zileuton
52
Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
53
Prostaglandin used as 2nd line treatment of erectile dysfunction
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
54
MOA and effect of nitric oxide
Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
55
Muscarinic antagonist used in COPD
Ipratropium, tiotropium
56
MOA action of cromolyn
Blocks opening of Cl channels to prevent mast cell degranulation
57
SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy
Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively
58
MOA of fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV
59
Drug used for MRSA
Vancomycin
60
Vancomycin MOA
Binds D-Ala-D-Ala on murein monomers and prevent polymerization of the murein monomers
61
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
Rifampin
62
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it
Scotch tape technique and mebendazole
63
MOA of sulfonamides
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
64
Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media
Amoxicillin
65
Drug of choice for tx of pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole
66
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
Megaloblastic anemia
67
DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas
Metronidazole
68
Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
69
Common side effect of Rifampin
Orange urine discoloration
70
DOC for influenza A and B
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
71
DOC for RSV
Ribavirin
72
HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism
Protease inhibitors
73
DOC for N. gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
74
DOC for herpes and its MOA
Acyclovir; activated by viral thymidine kinase, results in inhibition of viral DNA replication
75
Anti-bacterials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
Sulfonamides
76
Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy
Ability to cross the placenta
77
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
Flumazenil
78
Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Ethanol
79
System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system MEOS
80
The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics
Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)
81
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures
Valproic acid, Phenytoin and Carbamazepine
82
Drugs of choice for absence seizures
Ethosuximide and valproic acid
83
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures
Valproic acid
84
Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
Gabapentin
85
SE of phenytoin
Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
86
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics
Dantrolene
87
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil
88
Opioid associated with awareness during surgery and post-operative recall, but still used for high-risk cardiovascular surgeries
Fentanyl
89
DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sarcoplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle
Dantrolene
90
Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible
Drug induced Parkinsonism
91
Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine
EPS, hyperprolactinemia, amennorrhea, galactorrhea, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
92
Antipsychotics having the strongest autonomic effects
Chlorpromazine or Thioridazine
93
Agent with greater affinity to 5HT2A receptor; reserved for refractory schizophrenia, and can cause weight gain and agranulocytosis
Clozapine
94
Anti-psychotics shown not to cause tardive dyskinesia
Clozapine and quetiapine
95
Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop
Lithium toxicity, lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
96
DOC for bipolar affective disorder
Lithium
97
SE of lithium
Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus
98
TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and OCD
Imipramine
99
Unicyclic antidepressant least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures
Bupropion
100
Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release and pain transmission
Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
101
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
Miosis, convulsions and constipation
102
Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states
Methadone
103
Opioid available trans-dermally
Fentanyl
104
Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema
Morphine
105
Moderate opioid agonists
Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
106
Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA
Naloxone
107
Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs
Naltrexone
108
Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include
Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses
109
This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms (abstinence syndrome) to a recovering addict
Naloxone
110
Date rape drug
Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
111
These agents are CNS depressants
Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
112
Treatments available for nicotine addiction
Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion
113
THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur
Marijuana
114
This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
Bethanechol
115
Toxicity of cholinergics
DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)
116
Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS
Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
117
Treatment of motion sickness
Scopolamine
118
Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia
Atropine and other anti-muscarinic agents
119
Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
Ipratropium, tiotropium
120
Pneumonic for beta receptors
You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)
121
These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion)
Alpha1 agonists
122
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
Hypertension
123
Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
124
Selective B1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating cardiac conditions in patients with asthma
Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
125
This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma
Timolol
126
These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion
Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)
127
Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are
ACE inhibitors
128
SE of ACE inhibitors
Dry cough, hyperkalemia
129
ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in
pregnancy and with hyperkalemia
130
Losartan and valsartan block
AT1 receptors
131
Side effect associated with ACEI but not ARBs
Dry cough
132
SE of Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB)
Constipation, edema, and headache
133
Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand
Beta-blockers
134
Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers
Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
135
SE of beta blockers
Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)
136
Alpha 1selective blockers
Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
137
A1a-selective blocker used for BPH
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
138
SE of alpha blockers
Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
139
Methyldopa is contraindicated in
Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
140
SE of hydralazine
Lupus-like syndrome
141
Diuretic used as prophylactic for mountain sickness and glaucoma
Acetazolamide
142
Side effects of acetazolamide
Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
143
Site of action of loop diuretics
Thick ascending limb
144
Side effects of loop (furosemide) diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and ototoxicity
145
An electrolyte that is lost in the urine by acute treatment with loop diuretics but can be retained by thiazides
Calcium
146
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
Early distal convoluted tubule
147
Side effects of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia
148
Mechanism of action of amiloride
Inhibit epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
149
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
Spironolactone, eplerenone
150
Side effect of spironolactone
Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
151
Diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure
Mannitol
152
MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics
Sodium channel blockers
153
SE of procainamide
Lupus-like syndrome
154
Limiting side effect of Quinidine
Prolongs QT interval
155
DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias
Lidocaine
156
Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to
Torsades de pointes
157
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
158
MOA of nitrates
Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles
159
Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
Antithrombin 3
160
Antidote to reverse actions of heparin
Protamine sulfate
161
SE of Aspirin
GI bleeding
162
MOA of thrombolytics
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which binds fibrin
163
Thrombolytics are used for
Pulmonary embolism and DVT
164
Agent for pernicious anemia
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
165
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy
Folic acid
166
Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure
Erythropoietin
167
How drug or foods (grapefruit juice) increase statin effect
Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4
168
Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS
LFT's
169
Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis
Niacin
170
SE of niacin
Cutaneous flush
171
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of
Lipoprotein lipase
172
Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
Indomethacin
173
Acetaminophen only has what activity?
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
174
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
175
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for
Rheumatic disease
176
Agent that inhibits xanthine oxidases and used to treat chronic gout
Allopurinol, febuxostat
177
Acanthamoeba spp.
Ketoconazole, rifampin, TMP-SMX
178
Babesia microti
Clindamycin plus quinine
179
Balantidium coli
Tetracycline
180
Cryptosporidium parvum
Nitazoxanide
181
Cyclospora cayetanensis
TMP-SMX
182
Entamoeba histolytic
Metronidazole followed by paromomycin
183
Giardia lamblia
Metronidazole (tinidazole)
184
Isospora belli
TMP-SMX
185
Leishmania braziliensis
Sodium stibogluconate
186
Leishmania donovani
Sodium stibogluconate ,Liposomal amphotericin B
187
Microsporidia
albendazole or umagillin
188
Naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B + rifampin
189
Plasmodium falciparum
Chloroquine
190
Plasmodium vivax
Chloroquine + primaquine
191
Toxoplasma gondii
Pyrimethamine and a sulfonamide
192
Trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole
193
Trypanosoma brucei
Suramin
194
Trypanosoma cruzi
Nifurtimox
195
Anisakis simplex
None (self-limiting)
196
Ancylostoma braziliense
thiabendazole
197
Ancylostoma duodenale
Albendazole, or pyrantel pamoate
198
Ascaris lumbricoides
albendazole
199
Brugia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine
200
Enterobius vermicularis
Mebendazole
