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Pharmacology > Pharm Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pure food and drug acts

A

Established official standards and requirements for accurate labeling

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2
Q

The Shirley amendment

A

Strengthened pure food and drug acts law prohibiting fraudulent therapeutic claims of drugs effectiveness

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3
Q

Food, drug, and cosmetics acts of 1938

A

Required that drugs must meet standards of purity and Strength.

Labeling requirements established (penalties for fraudulent claims and misleading labels)

FDA established and charged with enforcing the law

Gave FDA control over drug safety

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4
Q

Durham-Humphrey amendment

A

Designated drugs that must be prescribed by a licensed health care provider and dispensed by a pharmacist

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5
Q

Kefauver - Harris amendment

A

Increased control on drug safety.
More extensive testing on new drugs required.
Manufacturers must prove safety and efficacy.
Authorized FDA to establish official names for uniformed nomenclature.
Gave federal government authority to standardize drug names.

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6
Q

Comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act; controlled substance act

A

Regulated distribution of narcotics and categorized narcotics according to therapeutic usefulness and potential for abuse. Updated and replace all previous narcotic laws

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7
Q

NIH revitalization act

A

Requires inclusion of women and minorities in NIH funded research studies

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8
Q

Combats methamphetamine epidemic act

A

Established federal law that regulates OTC sale of ephedrin, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine methamphetamine.

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9
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of drugs that altar functions of living organisms.

Also study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

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10
Q

What healthcare providers are involved in the management, distribution, and education of pharmacology?

A

Doctors, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, nurses, and dietitians.

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11
Q

Identify 4 major concepts that assist in understanding pharmacology.

A

-core drug knowledge
- core patient variables
- Nursing management of drug therapy
- Medications

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12
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

The desired therapeutic effect of the drug. What is the intended effect?

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13
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The changes that occur to the drug while it is inside the body.

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14
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The effects of the drug on the body.

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15
Q

What are precautions and contraindications?

A

The conditions under which the drug must be carefully monitored versus should not be used at all.

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16
Q

What is a drug interaction?

A

The effects that may occur when the drug is given along with another drug, food, or substance.

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17
Q

What are adverse affects/side effects?

A

The unintended and usually undesired effects that may occur with use of the drug.

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18
Q

What are the core patient variables?

A

Health status
lifespan and gender
lifestyle, diet, and habits, environment
culture and inherited traits

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19
Q

What are the 3 sources to assess core patient variables?

A

Patient history, physical assessment, and patient’s chart.

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20
Q

What are the sources of medications?

A

Plants, animals, minerals, synthetic medications, and genetically engineered chemicals.

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21
Q

What medications come from animal sources?

A

Insulin’s, pituitary hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics.

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22
Q

What are the benefits of synthetic medications?

A

They are more consistent in their effects and less likely to cause allergic reactions.

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23
Q

What are semisynthetic medications?

A

Naturally occurring substances that have been chemically modified for example antibiotics.

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24
Q

What are genetically engineered chemicals?

A

Drugs developed with DNA technologies

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25
Q

What is pharmacogenomics.

A

Study of how one’s genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs.

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26
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

Study of how genetic variables affect pharmacodynamics in a specific patient.

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27
Q

What is a prototype drug?

A

An individual drug that represents groups of drugs.. Similar characteristics to all medications within that same class.

28
Q

What is the United States pharmacopeia?

A

The set of drug standards used in the United States.

29
Q

What is the USP - NF?

A

The current authoritative source for drug standards. Revised every 5 years by expert group of professionals. These drugs have met very high standards.

30
Q

What is the purpose of the USP - NF?

A

To insure purity, potency, bioavailability, efficacy, safety versus toxicity.

31
Q

What are therapeutic classifications of a drug?

A

Categorizes drugs by the disease state they are used to treat.

32
Q

What is pharmacological classification of drugs?

A

Based on drugs mode of action.

33
Q

What are the elements of a medication order?

A

Patient name.
Date and time order is written.
Name of drug to be administered.
Dosage of drug.
Route.
Is frequency of administration.
Signature of prescribing healthcare provider.

34
Q

What are the subcutaneous injection sites?

A

Fatty pad of the scapula.
Upper aspect of posterior arms.
Abdomen 2” away from belly button
Lateral abdomen
Superior dorso gluteal area
Anterior thighs

35
Q

What are the gauge ranges for a subcutaneous injection.

A

25 to 30 gauge

36
Q

What size needle can be used for subcutaneous injections

A

3/8 to 1” needle can be used

37
Q

What sizes are insulin syringes available in?

A

28 to 30 gauge 1/2 inch needles

38
Q

How should Enoxaparin be administered?

A

In the lateral abdominal area at 90ﾟ. Inject with bubble in prefilled syringe.

39
Q

What gauge needles should be used for intramuscular injection of aqueous medications?

A

20 to 25 gauge needles

40
Q

What gauge needles should be used to administer oil based medications intramuscularly.

A

18 to 25 gauge needle

41
Q

What are the lengths for intramuscular injection needles?

A

5/8 to 1 1/2 inches

42
Q

What is the recommended needle length for intramuscular injection in the vastis lateralis?

A

5/8” to 1 1/4”

43
Q

What is the recommended needle length for ventroglutial intramuscular injection

A

1”-1 1/2”

44
Q

What is the recommended needle length for intramuscular injection in the deltoid

A

5/8 to 1”

45
Q

What are some pharmacokinetic considerations?

A

Onset of drug action.
Peak effect.
Duration of drug effects
Metabolism
Sight of excretion
Half life

46
Q

What is the onset of a drug?

A

The time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration.

47
Q

What is the peak of the drug effect?

A

The time it takes to reach highest blood or plasma concentration.

48
Q

What is the duration of a drug

A

The length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect.

49
Q

Enteric drugs are most commonly absorbed where?

A

Oral mucosa, gastric mucosa, small or large intestines.

50
Q

What kind of environments are ideal for drug absorption

A

Acidic environment

51
Q

What is parenteral?

A

Drugs given outside the digestive tract it’s distive tracked it by passes digestive system.

Examples: the IV route, intramuscular, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes.

52
Q

What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

53
Q

What is absorption?

A

The movement of the drug from the sight of administration into the bloodstream.

54
Q

What is distribution?

A

The movement of the drug into the cells.

55
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

The conversion of the drug into another substance.

56
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of the drug.

57
Q

What are variables that affect the rate of drug absorption?

A

Dosage form/route of administration.
Large surface area: small intestine
GI function: with or without food? Impaired GI function?
Blood flow: drugs need to be transported to intended tissues in order to have effect.
Lipid solubility: drugs are highly tissue bound.
pH: drugs are broken down more in pH of 2 - 3.

58
Q

Which route of administration takes the longest to absorb?

A

Oral

59
Q

Where does most of drug absorption occur?

A

Small intestine.

60
Q

The distribution of a drug throughout the body depends on what 3 factors?

A

Blood flow to the tissues, the drugs ability to leave the blood, the drug’s ability to enter cells.

61
Q

What are some geriatric considerations when it comes to drug absorption?

A

Gastric ph is less acidic.
Slowed gastric emptying.
Slowed peristalsis.
Reduction of blood flow in GI tract.

62
Q

What is a Geriatric consideration of the blood brain barrier?

A

As we age the blood brain barrier becomes less effective. Increases central nervous system symptoms such as confusion and agitation.

63
Q

What are some geriatric considerations when it comes to medication distribution?

A

Decrease in lean body mass.
Increase in fat content.
Reduction in total body water content.
Reduction in protein binding sites caused by aging liver.

64
Q

Where does the metabolism of drugs primarily occur in

A

Liver

65
Q

What is the hepatic 1st pass effect?

A

The initial bio transformation of a drug that produces altered (usually less) pharmacologically active molecules.

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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