PHARM; Lecture 31, 32 and 33 - Antibiotics, Antifungals and Anticonvulsants Flashcards
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What are bacteria and their 3 categories?
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What are the 4 types of prokaryotic protein synthesis?
PABA->THF then leads to DNA synthesis;
after DNA gyrase (=topoisomerase) helps in DNA/RNA synthesis;
RNA polymerase is present within bacterial cells to produce RNA;
proteins produced in ribosomes (different from eukaryotic ones)
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Which drugs target the 4 types of protein synthesis in the bacterium?
- Sulphonamide (not used by itself anymore) and trimethroprim are used together, reducing DNA synthesis which prevents the bacteria from replicating.
- Quinolones target DNA gyrase preventing loosening of DNA, which prevents DNA replication, killing the cells.
- Rifamycins inhibit RNA polymerase, causing cell death.
- Ribosomes are targeted by 4 types -> macrolides (erythromycin is very important, affecting enzymes and causes a lot of drug interactions)
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How is the bacterial wall synthesised - 3 steps?
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What are the bacterial wall inhibitor drugs?
Vancomycin used more now as last chance, due to resistance.
Polymyxins are quite old but have started to be used again in emergency situations as resistance hasn’t built up (bad side effect profile)
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What are the causes of antibiotic resistance?
- Unnecessary prescription
- ~ 50% of antibiotic prescriptions not required
- Livestock farming
- ~ 30% of UK antibiotic use in livestock farming
- Lack of regulation
- OTC availability in Russia, China, India
- Lack of development
- No new antibiotic drug classes in years
Pharm
What are the 5 Antibiotic resistance mechanisms? (HADED)
- Additional target: Bacteria produce another target that is unaffected by the drug (E. coli produce different DHF reductase enzymes making them resistant to trimethoprim);
- hyperproduction: bacteria significantly increase levels of enzymes (DHF reductase, so in E. coli trimethoprim less effective);
- Alteration in target enzymes: alteration to enzyme targeted by drug, with enzyme still effective but drug is ineffective (S.Aureus);
- Alterations in drug permeations: reductions in AQP and increased efflux systems (primarily important in gram -ve bacteria);
- Production of destruction enzymes
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How can you classify fungal infections?
Can be classified in terms of tissue/organs: Superficial - Outermost layers of skin Dermatophyte - Skin, hair or nails Subcutaneous - Innermost skin layers Systemic - Primarily respiratory tract
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What are the 2 most common categories of anti-fungals?
NB: azoles inhibit CYP450 which will slow down the metabolism of any drug that uses CYP450 for metabolism
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SAQ
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What is the structure of viruses?
Need cells to replicate -> parasites; have genetic material, with capsid protecting it. Also can have a lipid envelope with proteins
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What is viral hepatitis and its treatment?
- HBV - not curable, with people catching hep B via sexual conditions/blood exchange - some people host infection for rest of their lives or clear it as soon as infected - tenofovir prevents progression of disease causing liver cirrhosis/hepatocellular carcinoma development.
- HCV -> Peginterferon not used anymore as it had bad side effects
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What is the goal of HCV treatment?
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What is the HIV life cycle?
Chronic NOT curable disease
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Which drugs block HIV attachment and entry?
x
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Which drugs block assembly and release of HIV?
NB: ritonavir isn’t a real drug anymore; just used as a booster for saquinavir
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What is herpes simplex virus and what can you treat it with?
Acyclovir most used drug to treat it -> made by guanosine, blocking viral DNA formation; can also be used for chicken pox, shingles
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What is influenza and what can you treat it with?
Oseltamivir (tamiflu) prevents release of new viruses from the cell -> but doesn’t block all the release
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What is the normal activity of brain - normal wave types?
- Distinctive firing patterns associated with certain activities (high to low Hz):
- Gamma: awareness - hyperactive
- Beta: awareness - thinking
- Alpha: awareness - relaxed
- Theta: drowsiness, meditation
- Delta: deep-sleep
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What is the brain activity in seizures?
Irregular/ asynchronous firing patterns due to neuronal over-activity - red box is EEG during seizure, green is normal brain
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How does neurotransmission occur across a glutamatergic synapse?
>10 types of glutamate receptors
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What are 2 types of VGSC inhibitors and what are their pharmacokinetics?
- In inactive state, channel isn’t fully open or closed -> inhibitors lock channel in inactive state, so channel can’t be activated when action potential comes along.
- Carbamaxepine is a CYP450 enzyme inducer (!!!); also HLA-B*1502 is concentrated in Chinese region of Asia, can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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What drugs target glutamate exocytosis and their receptors?
Want drugs to have fast onset and long duration
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Summarise the drugs that affect the glutamatergic synapse and where they act.
x
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How is GABA released from a GABAergic synapse?
GABA is released without dependency on action potential (difference with glutamatergic)
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Give an example of a benzodiazepine and a barbiturate
BZD can’t activate receptor without GABA being present -> called PAM (positve allosteric modulator)
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Give 2 examples of GABAT inhibitors and a GABA transporter inhibitor?
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Which drug would you use for which conditions?
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