Pharm II Final Flashcards
Name 6 oral antimicrobials with good oral absorption in horses.
- Trimethoprim Sulfa (TMS)
- Metronidazole
- Enrofloxacin
- Erythromycin
- Rifampin
- Chloramphenicol
Name three antimicrobials commonly used IM in horses.
- Ceftiofur
- Procaine Pen G
- Aminoglycosides
Name three drugs that should NEVER be used IM in horses
- Erythromycin
- Tetracyclines
- Enrofloxacin
Name two drugs that are more likely to cause enterocolitis in horses due to enterohepatic circulation
Tetracyclines and erythromycin
Name two factors associated with an antibiotic that might make it more likely to cause enterocolitis in horses
Oral is riskier than parenteral
Broad spectrum is riskier than narrow spectrum
Name two types of bacteria prone to overgrowth in antimicrobial associated enterocolitis in horses
Clostridium spp
Salmonella spp
When would you expect to see antimicrobial associtated enterocolitis develop in horses?
Within 7 days of drug administration
What are some clinical signs of enterocolitis in horses?
Dehydrating diarrhea and endotoxemia
Neutropenia and hypoproteinemia
Electrolyte and acid-base imbalances
What is the diagnosis of enterocolitis in horses based on?
Presumptive (they’ve been on abx) and fecal cultures for salmonella and clostridium (or toxin assays)
Name three classes of drugs you should avoid in adult horses
- Macrolides (like erythromycin)
- Lincosamindes (like Lincomycin and Clindamycin)
- Oral beta-lactams
True or false, almost ever all antimicrobial has been associated with enterocolitis in horses and you should always warn your clients?
True true true
For a “clean” surgery, in a horse, what prophylactic drug protocol would you want to use?
IV or IM penicillin, only before surgery (1 hr prior if IV, or 3 hr prior if IM)
For a “contaminated” surgery, what prophylactic drug protocol would you want to use in a horse?
IV penicillin and gentamicin
Start 1 hr prior to surgery and continue until 24 hrs after surgery
For a “dirty” surgery in a horse, what prophylactic drug protocol would you want to use?
IV penicillin and gentamicin
Start 1hr prior to surgery and continue until 72hrs post surgery
What broad categories of structures can be affected in septic synovial problems?
Bursts, joints, and tendon sheaths
If you pull fluid from a suspected septic synovial structure, what WBC count would confirm you suspicion?
WBC>30,000 (mostly neutrophils)
What would the TP be in a septic synovial structure?
TP=3.5-4.0 gm/dl
What is the gold standard for testing for synovial sepsis?
Culturing the synovial membrane
What should you think if you suspect synovial sepsis in a horse, but you get a negative bacterial culture?
bacteria were seen in only 24% of cases. A negative culture result could bean sequestration of bacteria within the synovial membrane, neutrophils, or fibrin.
Which bacteria is likely to cause iatrogenic septic arthritis in horses?
Staph. Aureus
Which bacteria are likely to cause hematogenous septic arthritis?
E. Coli, Klebsiella, Actinobacillosis, strep. Salmonella, rhodococcus equi
Which bacteria are likely to cause traumatic septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, or bursitis in horses
Strep, staph, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and anaerobes
Which bacteria are likely to cause osteomyelitis in horses?
Enterobacter, Strep, Staph, and Pseudomonas
What is the treatment for septic synovial structure?
Wound debridement +/- closure
