Pharm exam 4 Flashcards
Community-associated infections?
An infection that is acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery,
catheterization) within the past year
Healthcare-associated infections?
Health care–associated infections
Contracted in a hospital or institutional setting
Were not present or incubating in the patient on admission to the facility
More difficult to treat because causative microorganisms are often drug resistant and the most virulent
Occur in 10% of hospitalized patients MRSA most common
Also known as
nosocomial & iatrogen
Disinfectant?
Kills organisms
Used only on nonliving objects
Disinfectant?
Kills organisms
Used only on nonliving objects
Antiseptic
Generally only inhibits the growth of microorganisms but does not necessarily kill them
Applied exclusively to living tissue
Antibiotics
Medications used to treat bacterial infections
before beginning antibiotic therapy, the suspected areas of infection should be cultured to identify the causative organism and potential antibiotic susceptibilities
Antibiotic Therapy?
Empiric therapy: treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained
Definitive therapy?
Definitive therapy: antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures
Prophylactic therapy?
Prophylactic therapy: treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intraabdominal surgery or after trauma
Actions of Antibiotics:
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Actions of Antibiotics: Bacteriostatic
Bacteriostatic: inhibit the growth of susceptible
bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death
Antibiotics used for?
Used for bacteria not viruses
Gram Positive
P for purple
Gram-negative
RED
Sulfonamides Blood test ?
WBC
RBC
Full panel coz it can suppress
your bone marrow.
Sulfonamides Side effect ?
crystalluria
4 types of penicillins.
Natural penicillins
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins Aminopenicillins
Extended-spectrum penicillins
Penicillins: Adverse Effects
Allergic reactions to the penicillins occur in 0.7% to 4% of treatment courses
Urticaria, pruritus, angioedema
Cephalosporins have 5 generations:
-Semisynthetic antibiotics
-Structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins
activity
-Bactericidal action
-Broad spectrum
-Divided into groups according to their antimicrobial activity
Sharpie moment: Beta-lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, and related compounds.
Patients with a history of throat swelling or hives from penicillin should not receive cephalosporins because there could be cross-sensitivity because they are both Beta-lactams
Sharpie moment. Cephalosporins: Adverse Effects:
Potential allergy exists with penicillin if a true allergy to penicillin exists.
Sharipe moments, (Antibiotics).
Tetracyclines : They Bind (chelate) to Ca+++ and Mg++ and Al+++ ions. When these electrolytes bind to the antibiotic they become insoluble and complex. The antibiotic doesn’t work anymore.
Should not be used in children under age 8 or in pregnant/lactating women because tooth discoloration will occur if the drug binds to the calcium in the teeth
Tetracyclines’ side effects.
- Alteration in the intestinal flora may result in:
- Superinfection (overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms such as Candida)
All oral antibiotics are absorbed better if taken with at least 6 to 8 ounces of water except penicillins
