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Pharmacology > Pharm Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Digoxin Labs to monitor

A

Digoxin levels, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, liver function, CBC

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2
Q

When to hold digoxin

A

Adults resting pulse less than 60 bpm

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3
Q

Digoxin - signs of toxicity

A

Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision, yellow vision, arrhythmias, palpitations, hyperkalemia, hypotension

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4
Q

Digoxin antidote

A

Digoxin Immune FAB

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5
Q

Digoxin pre-administration assessment

A

Vital signs, electrolyte levels, serum digoxin levels, BUN, creatinine, medical history, medication history, signs of digoxin toxicity

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6
Q

Digoxin - when med is not effective

A

Ventricular Fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Severe Atrioventricular (AV) Block, High-Output Heart Failure, Myocarditis

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7
Q

Digoxin Contraindications

A

Ventricular Fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Severe Atrioventricular (AV) Block, Hyperthyroidism, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypocalcemia, Severe Kidney Disease, Allergies, Recent Heart Attack

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8
Q

Hypokalemia, symptoms

A

a. Low levels of potassium levels in the blood
b. Fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, constipation, palpitations, arrhythmias, respiratory distress, mental changes, numbness, thirst

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9
Q

Furosemide: labs to monitor

A

a. Loop diuretic
b. Electrolytes, Serum Creatinine, BUN, Blood Pressure, Weight, Urine Output

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10
Q

Spironolactone: labs to monitor

A

a. Potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone receptor antagonist
b. Potassium, Sodium, Serum Creatinine, BUN, Magnesium, Liver Function Tests

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11
Q

Beta blocker

A

a. Contraindications – Severe Bradycardia, Heart Block, Overt Cardiac Failure, Cardiogenic Shock, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Severe Hepatic Impairment, Bronchospastic Conditions, Hypotension, Uncontrolled Diabetes, Hyperthyroidism
b. side effects – Fatigue, Cold Hands and Feet, Weight Gain, Dizziness or Lightheadedness, Trouble Sleeping, Shortness of Breath, Bradycardia, Depression, Swelling of the Feet or Legs, Allergic Reactions
c. when to hold medication/pre-assessment – HR is below 50-60 bpm, BP is below 90/100 mm Hg

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12
Q

ACE inhibitors (prils)

A

a. side effects – Dry Cough, Hyperkalemia, Hypotension, Dizziness, Swelling
b. adverse effects – Dry Cough, Hypokalemia, Hypotension, Dizziness, Headache, Fatigue, Nausea, Loss of Taste, Kidney Impairment, Swelling (Angioedema), Allergic Reactions
c. to hold/notify MD – Hypotension, Renal Impairment, Elevated potassium levels, swelling, Dehydration, Pregnancy, Allergic Reactions

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13
Q

Remember your nursing process

A

a. Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, Evaluate

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14
Q

Laxatives:

A

a. nursing indications – Constipation, Bowel Preparations, Chronic Conditions, Post-Surgery, Bedfast Patients, Medication-Induced Constipation, Pregnancy, Postpardum
b. patient teaching – Explain purpose and benefits, Types of Laxatives (Bulk-Forming, Stool Softeners, Osmotic, Stimulant, Lubricant), Dosage, Timing, Hydration, Diet, Common Side Effects, Safety Precautions (Long-Term Use, Interactions, when to avoid), when to seek medical advice
c. side effects – Abdominal cramping, Bloating, Gas, Diarrhea, Nausea, Dehydration, Electrolyte Imbalance, Dependence, Rectal Bleeding, Allergic Reactions

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15
Q

Stimulant laxatives: (bisacodyl and senna)

A

a. Dependency – Risk: Chronic Constipation, Electrolyte Imbalance, Damage to Colon, Increased Dosage. Preventing: Gradual Reduction, Hydration, Dietary Fiber, Exercise

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16
Q

Diphenhydramine side effects

A

a. Drowsiness, Dry Mouth, Nose, and Throat, Dizziness, Constipation, Blurred Vision, Thickening of Bronchial Secretions, Difficulty Urinating, Fast or Irregular Heartbeat, Mental/Mood Changes, Severe Allergic Reactions

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17
Q

Metoclopramide mechanism of action

A

a. Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist, Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, Prokinetic Agent, Lower Esophageal Sphincter Contraction
i. Metoclopramide helps alleviate symptoms of gastroparesis, nausea, and reflux

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18
Q

Ondansetron side effects

A

a. Headache, Diarrhea, Constipation, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Severe Allergic Reactions, Abnormal Heart Rhythms, High Serotonin Levels, Seizures, Difficulty Breathing

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19
Q

Antinausea: which stimulates appetite

A

a. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of THC and is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, as well as to stimulate appetite in patients with AIDS or other conditions that cause weight loss.

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20
Q

Adverse effects of Garlic

A

Unpleasant Breath or Body Odor, Heartburn, Nausea, Bloating and Stomach Pain, Increased Risk of Bleeding, Allergic Reactions, Easy Bruising or Bleeding, Skin Irritation

21
Q

Adverse effects of Ginkgo

A

Headache, Dizziness, Heart Palpitations, Upset Stomach, Constipation, Allergic Skin Reactions, Bleeding, Seizures, Liver and Thyroid Issues

22
Q

Adverse effects of Ginger

A

Heartburn, Diarrhea, Stomach Discomfort, Mouth and Throat Irritation, Burping, Increased Risk of Bleeding, Allergic Reactions

23
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

a. Class of Medications that act as central nervous system (CNS) commonly used to treat Anxiety, Insomnia, seizures etc.
b. Side Effects: Drowsiness, Dizziness, Confusion, Impaired Coordination, Dry Mouth, Depression, Addiction and Dependence, Withdrawal Symptoms, Overdose, Cognitive Impairment

24
Q

Muscle relaxants: drug to drug interactions

A

Alcohol, CNS depressants, SSRIs and SNRIs, Antidepressants, Cough Suppressants, Migraine Medications, Herbal Supplements

25
Q

Muscle relaxants: mechanism of action

A

to relieve muscle spasms and pain

26
Q

Opioid antidote - Naloxone: When to administer

A

Signs of Opioid Overdose (Unresponsiveness, Breathing Problems, Blue Lips or Fingernails, Pinpoint Pupils, Limp Body, Gurgling or Choking Sounds

27
Q

Opioid antidote - Naloxone: side effects

A

Headache, Dizziness, Dry Nose, Nasal Congestion, Muscle/Joint Pain, Nausea or Vomiting, High BP, Fast or Irregular Heartbeat, Seizures, Withdrawal Symptoms, Respiratory Issues

28
Q

What are nonopioid analgesics

A

a. Medications are used to relieve pain without involving opioid receptors. Often used to treat mild to moderate pain and have fewer side effects and lower risk of dependence compared to opioids
b. Types = NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen, celecoxib), Acetaminophen, Topical Analgesics (capsaicin cream, lidocaine patches), Anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin), Muscle Relaxants, Tramadol

29
Q

Priority assessment for opioids – Priority is to evaluate the benefits and risks of opioid therapy

A

a. Pain Assessments – Severity and Nature of Pain, Pain History
b. Medical History – Past Medical History, Current Medications
c. Risk Assessment – Risk of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), Behavioral Indicators
d. Monitoring and Follow-up – Regular Evaluations, Adjustments
e. Patient Education – Safe Use, Warning Signs

30
Q

Acetaminophen Antidote

A

N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

31
Q

Acetaminophen adverse effects

A

Nausea, Vomiting, Headache, Constipation, Itching, Rash, Liver Damage, Allergic Reactions, Bleeding, Kidney Damage, Angioedema

32
Q

Acetaminophen labs to monitor

A

Acetaminophen Levels, Liver Function Tests (LFT’s) (AST, Bilirubin, INR), Renal Function Tests (BUN and Creatinine), Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium), Lactate Levels, Coagulation Profile

33
Q

Acetaminophen (understand what organ is affected)

A

liver, kidneys and pancreas

34
Q

Acetaminophen contraindications/caution

A

Hypersensitivity Reactions, Severe Hepatic Impairment, Active Alcohol Use, Severe Active Hepatic Disease, Combined Formulations

35
Q

Acetaminophen max dosage

A

i. Adults – Oral Tablets or Capsules: 4000mg per day, Extended-Release: 3000mg per day, For Chronic Use: 2000-3000mg per day
ii. Children – Dosage by Weight, Liquid Formulation: 10-15mg/kg every 4-6hrs, not exceeding 75mg/kg per day

36
Q

NSAIDs nursing considerations

A

Assess allergies, pain, medical history, current medications. Intervention to administer with food, monitor for side effects, education the patient, regular monitoring, educate on proper use, side effects and to avoid alcohol

37
Q

NSAIDs contraindications

A

GI Disorders, Kidney Disease, Liver Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, Bleeding Disorders, NSAIDs Allergy, Asthma, Anticoagulants, Other NSAIDs, Third Trimester of Pregnancy, Lactation

38
Q

NSAIDs side effects

A

GI Issues, Headache, Drowsiness, Rash, Edema, GI Bleeding, Cardiovascular Events, Kidney Damage, Liver Damage, Allergic Reactions

39
Q

Steroids mechanism of action

A

a. Cell Membrane Penetration, Receptor Binding, Nuclear Translocation, Gene Transcription, Protein Synthesis, Translation, Anti-inflammatory, Immunosuppressive, Glucose Metabolism, Protein and Fat Metabolism, Electrolyte Balance

40
Q

Antidiarrheals indications (Loperamide (Imodium), Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), Atropine/Diphenoxylate (Lomotil), Probiotics)

A

a. Acute Diarrhea, Chronic Diarrhea, Traveler’s Diarrhea, Gas and Bloating, Upset Stomach, Heartburn
b. (additional indications for lactulose) – Prevention of Portal Systemic Encephalopathy (PSE), Chronic Constipation, Hepatic Encephalopathy

41
Q

Barbiturates drug interactions

A

a. Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, Opioids, Anticoagulants, Corticosteroids, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Atazanavir (Reyataz), Boceprevir (Victrelis), Lurasidone (Latuda), Ranolazine (Ranexa), Telaprevir (Incivek), Voriconazole (VFend), Ritonavir (Norvir)

42
Q

Indications for Antidepressants

A

Depressive Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, PTSD, Chronic Pain, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), Insomnia, Migraine Prevention, Hot Flashes.

43
Q

Indications for anticonvulsants

A

Neuropathic Pain, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Fibromyalgia, Migraine Prevention, Chronic Pain

44
Q

Blood Thinners

A

Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban

45
Q

Heart Failure Meds

A

ACE Inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril), Angiotensin II Receptor Blockersm (ARBs) (losartan, valsartan), Beta-Blockers (carvedilol, metoprolol), Diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone), Aldosterone Antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone), Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNIs) (sacubitril/valsartan), Digoxin, Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate

46
Q

Hypertension Meds

A

Diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, spironolactone), ACE Inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril), ARBs (losartan, valsartan), Calcium Channel Blockers (amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil), Beta-Blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol), Renin Inhibitors (aliskiren), Alpha Blockers (doxazosin, prazosin), Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists (clonidine), Vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil)

47
Q

ASA

A

Aspirin

48
Q

BTP

A

breakthrough pain

49
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled analgesia

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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