Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CRNA School > Pharm exam #2 > Flashcards

Pharm exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Activity of β1

A

Renin release.
Accelerates SA node.
Increases heart contractility.
Relaxes skeletal blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sympathetic Activity of β2

A 
Relax GI smooth muscle wall.
Relax bladder.
Glycogenolysis (glycogen converted to glucose) in liver.
Accelerates SA node.
Increases heart contractility.
Relax bronchiolar smooth muscle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sympathetic Activity of α1

A

Contract smooth muscle vessels.
Glycogenolysis in liver.
Contract GI sphincter.
Contract urinary sphincter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sympathetic Activity of α2

A

Contract smooth muscle vessels.
Glycogenolysis in liver.
Relax wall of GI smooth muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parasympathetic activity of M2

A

Decelerates SA node.

Decreases heart contractility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parasympathetic activity of M3.

A 
Relax smooth muscle of blood vessels.
Contract bronchiolar smooth muscle.
Contract wall of GI smooth muscles.
Relaxt GI sphincter.
Increase GI tract secretions.
Contract bladder.
Relax urinary sphincter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SNS origin of fibers

A

Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SNS length of fibers

A

Short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic; Has chain ganglion that can effect multiple effector organs with one stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SNS Location of ganglia

A

Close to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PSNS origin of fibers

A

Brain and sacral spinal cord; craniosacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PSNS length of fibers

A

long preganglionic and short postganglionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PSNS location of ganglia

A

in the visceral effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Ester of choline. Made from acetyl Coa and choline, formed by CHAT (Choline acetyl transferase).
All pre-ganglia release this.
Permanently charged, so insoluble in lipids. Has to be given injected bc it cannot be absorbed very easily.
Miosis (pupillary constriction, short term- metabolism is 5-20 seconds), decreases IOP, (Binds to M1 sphincter receptor on eye); Contraction- prolonged can cause flaccid paralysis (On Nm of NMJ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Methacholine

A

Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Ester of choline (poor absorption & distribution in CNS).
Permanently charged, so insoluble in lipids. Has to be given injected bc it cannot be absorbed very easily.
Dx of asthma.
Sticks around (3x) longer than Ach bc it is not broken down as readily by enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carbachol

A

Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Ester of choline, derivative of Methacholine.
Resistant to hydrolysis
Miosis, decreases IOP (Binds to M1 sphincter receptor on eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Ester of choline, derivative of Methacholine.
Works on M3 receptor in GU, causes contraction of bladder, opens sphincter.
Resistant to hydrolysis.
Bladder dysfunction, GERD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscarine

A 
Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Less completely absorbed than other alkaloids bc it is charged. Elimination is enhanced in the kidneys by acidity.

Plant Alkaloids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Well absorbed. Elimination is enhanced in the kidneys by acidity.
Plant Alkaloids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Edrophonium

A

Indirect cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Blocks acetylcholinesterase.
Simple Alcohol - fast duration 5-15 minutes
Acts on M3 receptor in GI; increases digestion, improves illius.
Myasthenia Gravis diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neostigmine, Physostigmine

A

Indirect cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Blocks acetylcholinesterase.
Carbamates - moderate
Acts on M3 receptor in GI; increases digestion, improves illius (post op bc it out competes paralytics).
Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, surgical paralysis reversal
Duration 0.5 to 2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Echothiophate

A

Indirect cholinomimetic (parasympathomimetic).
Blocks acetylcholinesterase.
Organophosphates - days
Glaucoma, only useful drug to help bc the duration of action is 100+ hours compared to other drugs- it is irreversibly bound to that receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Atropine

A

Cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic)
Antimuscarinic
Plant-based alkaloid from the belladona plant or jimsomweed.
L-isomer is 100x more potent than D-isomer
Use: Organophosphate poisening (with pralidoxime), bradycardia.
Blocks nicotinic-muscarinic receptors so that they cannot lose their fluid through the canal of schlemm by relaxing cilliary muscles- so be careful with giving this with glaucoma, especially closed-angle. Also be careful with elderly men and those with a history of BPH, as atropine can prevent urination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Scopolamine

A

Cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic)
Antimuscarinic
Plant-based alkaloid from henbane. Similar in chemical nature to atropine.
Use: Motion sickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tropicamide

A 
Cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic)
Antimuscarinic
Mydriasis (cilliary muscle dilation- what you'd use at eye doc bc duration is 1/4 of a day and not DAYS like other drugs) and cycloplegia diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ipratromine
Cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic) Antimuscarinic Atrovent Asthma
26
Phentolamine
Sympatholytic Alpha Blocker Reversible alpha 1, alpha 2 non selective reduces peripheral resistance, some cardiac stimulation (due to blocking of alpha 2 receptors on nerves, limiting reuptake of NE and increasing NE) Hypertension (r/t Pheochromocytoma), cardiac stimulent Can also be used to treat male erectile dysfunction, but only if nothing else works. Not front line for this. You could directly inject it into the penis, but that could cause priapism.
27
Prazosin
``` Sympatholytic Alpha Blocker Reversible Alpha 1 highly selective Low affinity to alpha 2 Relaxes arterial and venous smooth muscle Hypertension, BPH ```
28
Yohimbine
Sympatholytic Alpha Blocker Reversible alpha 2, sexual dysfunction
29
Lebetalol
Sympatholytic Alpha Blocker Reversible Both alpha and beta
30
Phenoxybenzamine
Sympatholytic Alpha Blocker Irreversible- non-competitive antagonist Pheochromocytoma
31
Propanolol
Sympatholytic Beta Blocker - Cardioprotective, hypertension β1, β2
32
Metoprolol
Sympatholytic Beta Blocker - Cardioprotective, hypertension β1 Safer in diabetics
33
Lebetalol
Sympatholytic Beta Blocker - Cardioprotective, hypertension α1, β1, β2 Hypertension (preeclampsia), Pheochromocytoma
34
Esmolol
Sympatholytic Beta Blocker - Cardioprotective, hypertension β1 Surgical tachycardia (fast)
35
Clonidine
SNS Sympathoplegic
36
Methyldopa
SNS Sympathoplegic
37
Dexmedetomidine
Precedex | SNS Sympathoplegic
38
Hexamethonium
Antinicotinic, cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic) Ganglion blocker (Nn) Refractory hypertension
39
Succinylcholine
``` Antinicotinic, cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic) NMJ Blocker (Nm); Depolarizing Prolonged fasciculations (muscle twitches). Suxx is not broken down by achesterase, so after fasciculation occurs the muscle cannot repolarize and you will have flaccid paralysis (phase 1 block). Phase 2 block is undesirable- excessive amounts eof suxx in bloodstream, so effects are prolonged, they wont be able to breathe (bad). Duration: v short, 5 minutes Use: Main use is to facilitate intubation; also used in electroconvulsive therapy so they dont hurt themselves from muscle clenching. Side effects: muscle pain, hyperkalemia. Watch for malignant hyperthermia! (autosomal dominant disorder or gene defect on the RyR1 receptor). Tx for this is Dantrolene. ```
40
Derivatives of curare
Antinicotinic, cholinoreceptor blocker (parasympatholytic) NMJ Blocker (Nm) Causes flaccid paralysis Non- depolarizing, these compete with acetylcholine.
41
Epinephrine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist α1, β1, β2 Treat hypotension, cardiac, respiratory
42
Norepinephrine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist α1, β1 Cardiac
43
Isoproterenol
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist β1, β2 Cardiac
44
Dopamine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist D, β1 Dose dependent (vasodilation, Vasoconstriction, Cardiac)
45
Dobutamine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist β1 Cardiogenic shock
46
Phenylephrine
``` Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist α Raise bp by constricting peripheral bvs Decongestant- shrinks the blood vessels going to the nose. Treatment in the tetralogy of fallot ```
47
Midodrine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist α1 Orthostatic hypotension
48
Clonidine (catapres)
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist α2 Hypertension, hemodynamic instability
49
Ephedrine
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT decongestant
50
Albuterol, Salmeterol, Formoterol
Sympathomimetic Direct Agonist β2 Selective
51
Amphetamine
Sympathomimetic Indirect Agonist Displacement of NE, reverse NET, Block DAT- diet ,ADHD, recreational
52
Cocaine
Sympathomimetic Indirect Agonist Block NET (NE transporter back into pre-synapse), DAT (Dopamine transporter back into pre-synapse), recreational
53
Hydralazine
Vasodilator
54
Minoxidil
Vasodilator
55
Nitroprusside
Vasodilator
56
Fenoldepam
Vasodilator
57
Verapamil
Vasodilator; CCB
58
Dilatiazem
Vasodilator; CCB
59
Dihydropyridines
Vasodilator; CCB
60
Aliskiren
Angiotensin inhibitor
61
Captopril
Angiotensin inhibitor | ACEi
62
Losartan
Angiotensin inhibitor | ARB
63
Valsartan
Angiotensin inhibitor | ARB
64
Bosentan
Endothelin Receptor Antagonist
65
Nitroglycerin
Decrease myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate/ventricular volume/BP/contractility Nitrate/Nitrite Large veins- best response Increase venous capacitance, decrease ventricular preload NO release in vascular smooth muscle - SL Mononitro forms (isosorbide dinitrate) Amyl Nitrite Onset: 1-3 minutes, duration 20-30 minutes
66
Neurotransmitter Classes
``` Esters- Ach Monoamines - Amino acid derivatives, specifically the AA tyrosine; Ne, serotonin, dopamine Amino Acids- Glutamate, GABA Purines - Adenosine, ATP Peptides- Substance P, Endorphins Inorganic gases - Nitric Oxide (NO) ```
67
Acrecholine
Alkaloid from the Patel nuts. Very similar to nicotine, crushed and used as a psychostimulant. (Red stain in mouth). Higher incidence of oral and esophageal CA.
68
Nicotine
Alkaloid, Nicotinic
69
Suggamadex
Instead of outcompeting atropine or other cholinoreceptor blocking agents, it traps the derivatives inside a molecular tube, making it inactive. Nearly 100% reversal, but the drug is expensive.
70
Activity of D1
dilates renal blood vessels/smooth muscle

CRNA School (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions