Pharm exam 1 study guide

Question 1

Pharmuaceutics

Answer 1

The dosage form that determines the rate of drug dissolution

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics are therapeutic effects or the way that drugs act on the body including receptor interactions, enzyme interactions and non-selective cell interactions. Some drugs work by selective enzyme interaction , which is when the drug binds to an enzyme molecule and inhibits( blocks)or stimulates the enzyme action with the normal target cell.

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

Study of movement of drugs throughout the body.

Question 4

Absorption

Answer 4

Being absorbed or used by the tissues.
1. Fastest to slowest absorption routes by mouth: sublingual, liquid suspension, capsule, tablet, enteric coated tablet, extended release tablet.

Question 5

Bioavailability and First Pass Effect

Answer 5

Oral doses of drugs are absorbed into the GI tract and metabolized by the liver, resulting in a reduced amount of bioavailability or active drug in the circulatory system. Subsequently, oral drug doses are generally higher to allow for this effect. Parenteral routes ( routes other than via GI tract) facilitate better bioavailability of the drug, with intravenous infusion being the best.
Affected by First pass effect: Elixir, tablets, capsules.
Not affected by First Pass Effect: IV, sublingual, transdermal patch, suppository.

Question 6

Half Life

Answer 6

The time it takes for a drug to lose 50% of its strength in systemic circulation.

Question 7

Distribution

Answer 7

1. Areas of fast distribution: heart, liver

2. Areas of slow distribution: Muscle, fat, skin

Question 8

Protein Binding

Answer 8

Many drugs bind to proteins in the blood. If a person has a low protein, or albumin level, free drug will be circulating and can cause toxicity of the drug.

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

Use and transformation of drugs so that they can be excreted from the body.

1. Many drugs metabolized and excreted through liver and kidneys.
2. Neonates/infants have immature liver and kidneys causing them to have decreased or poor metabolism and excretion of drugs.
3. Many drugs are bio-transformed through and enzyme called cytochrome P-450 and form fat-soluble metabolites that are easy to eliminate.
4. Patients who are in liver failure have difficulty metabolizing certain drugs. Certain drugs are contraindicated in these patients.
5. Fast acetylators and slow acetylators: Genetic conditions that affect how the liver metabolizes drugs.

Question 10

Excretion

Answer 10

Drugs are excreted through liver, kidneys (urine), hair, skin,breath,saliva, perspiration, feces, milk, bile. Liver and kidney are major organs in metabolizing and excreting drugs. Very important, especially in the young and in the elderly due to the liver’s ineffectiveness.

Question 11

Schedule I

Answer 11

Drugs that have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, and high potential for abuse.

Question 12

Schedule II

Answer 12

High potential for abuse- may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

Question 13

Schedule III

Answer 13

Potential for abuse less than substances in schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Example is drugs containing less than 15mg of hydrocodone per does ( Vicodin )

Question 14

Schedule IV

Answer 14

Low potential for abuse relative to substances in schedule III.

Question 15

Schedule V

Answer 15

Low potential for abuse relative to substances listed in Schedule IV.