Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI 2 > pharm > Flashcards

pharm Flashcards

1
Q

antimuscarinic agents

A 
MOA: Competitively inhibits autonomic, postganglionic cholinergic recptors= Decreased GI motility  and spasm 
Indication: Abd pain/spasm
hyoscyamine
dicyclomine
clindinium 
chlordiazepoxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Opioid Agonists

A

DIARRHEA: interfere with peristalsis
Loperamide (first line therapy for microscopic colitis)
Diphenoxylate (atropine added)
Eluxadoline (IBS-D) **hepatic and pancreatic toxicity, risk of pancreatitis in pt’s without gallbladder, CNS related euphoria/dizzy/cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eluxadoline

A

opioid agonist used for IBS-D
SE: GI sx, hepatic and pancreatic toxicity, pancreatitis increased risk in pt w/out gallbladder, CNS
Contraindicated: biliary tract obstruction, ETOH, h/o pancreatitis, sever hepatic impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5-HT3 receptor antagonist (for diarrhea)

A

Alosetron
Selectively blocks GI based 5HT3 receptors
antagonism in GI modulates regulation of visceral pain, colonic transit, and GI secretions
Tx: Chronic severe IBS-D (women)
Contraindications:
GI obstruction, perforation, stricture, adhesion, toxic megacolon
diverticulitis, CD, UC
impaired intestinal circulation, thrombophlebitis, hypercoagulable states
severe constipation (D/c alosetron immediately)
SE: constipation, DYSPEPSIA, GERD, nv
ISCHEMIC COLITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cl- channel inhibitor

A

DIARRHEA
Crofelemer (derived from tree sap)
inhibits Cl- secretion by blocking cAMP stimulated CFTER and Ca2+ activation of Cl- channels
leads to dec fluid secretion
**Indicated for noninfectious diarrhea in HIV/AIDS (on antiretroviral therapy)
SE: Abd distension, increased liver enzymes and bilirubin, infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peripheral opioid antagonist

A

CONSTIPATION
mu opioid receptor antagonists

Methylnaltrexone: tx: OPIOID INDUCED CONSTIPATION

Alvimopan: prevention of post-op ileus only** only for accelerating time to GI recovery following bowel resection surgery w/ primary anatomoses
-carries risk of MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alvimopan

A

mu opioid receptor antagonist
prevention of post-op ileus only** only for accelerating time to GI recovery following bowel resection surgery w/ primary anatomoses
-carries risk of MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Methylnaltrexone

A

Mu opioid receptor antagonist

tx: OPIOID INDUCED CONSTIPATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Linaclotide

A

selective guanylate cyclase-c (GC-C) agonist
-binds GC-C on lumen of intestinal epithelia and increased IC/EC [cGMP] which + secretion of Cl-/HCO3- into lumen via activation of CFTER
results in inc intestinal fluid and peristalsis
tx: IBS-C and chronic idiopathic CONSTIPATION
SE: diarrhea, GERD, dyspepsia, n/v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lubiprostone

A

selective Cl- channel activator
a PGE-1 derivative-> inc intestinal fluid by + GI specific Cl- channels (ClC2)
indicated for IBS-C, chronic idiopathic CONSTIPATION, and opioid induced constipation
SE: n/dyspepsia, dizzy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stimulants (irritants)

A 
\+ peristalsis, irritant to enterocytes
bisacodyl
castor oil (recinoleic acid)
glycerin (precolonoscopy, irritant, osmotic and lubricant)
senna (urine discoloration)
Na+
Picosulfate

**Contraindicated in GI obstruction/ILEUS/Impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osmotics

A

Lactulose (also used for sever liver dz(hyperammonemia) change in pH traps ammonia in GI)
Mag Citrate
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Miralax (large doses used for bowel prep prior to scope, procedures, surgery)
Sorbitol (glycerin)

works in 1-2 days sooner if larger dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Salines

A

Mag Hydroxide
Na+ phosphate

Magnesium and phosphate poorly absorbed, osmotically retain water in GI lumen

**interact with DIURETICS, use caution in renal dz, CHF, HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bulk forming

A 
dietary fiber
Psyllium
Methylcellulose
carboxymethylcellulose
Ca polycarbophil

work to inc bulk volume and water content thereby inc GI motility
Drink lots of water to prevent bloating/obstruction
lots of drug interactions (psyllium and celluloses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stool Softeners (surfactant, emollient)

A

Docusate
Mineral oil

soften feces, inc fluid secretion and inhibit water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metronidazole (5-nitroimidazoles) MOA

A

a prodrug activated by susceptible organisms (anaerobic pathogens) - redox potential - electron donated to metronidazole - highly reactive nitro radical anion formed -kills organisms by radical mediated DNA damage.

then can be catalyticaly recycled

resistance: inc intracellular O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metronidazole spectrum

A

active against anaerobes
flagellated protozoa (T. vaginalis, G. lamblia)
E. histolytica
anaerobic cocci and anaerobic G (-) bacilli
Helicobacter and Campylobacter spp.
G+ bacilli (Clostridium sp) (C. diff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metronidazole adverse effects

A

metallic taste in mouth
dry mouth, nausea, HA
Disulfiram-like effect (anti-EtOH effect, induces emesis)

Tinidazole similar but somewhat better tolerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

C. diff infection

A

cessation of inciting abx (Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Fluoroquinolones)
supportive
Vancomycin (preferred tx for severe CDI) Oral only
Metronidazole (mild CDI, sometimes if cant tolerate PO
Fidoxamicin (tx for recurrent CDI, spares many anaerobic colonic flora)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

H. pylori tx

A

Bismuth subsalicylate
Metronidazole
Tetracycline
Omeprazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

trophozoites invade intestine mucosa- portal blood circulation - LIVER ABSCESS - pulmonary or brain abscess (often death)
**Pathogenic if RBCs in cytoplasm
India, Mexico, Colombia

causes: Dysentery and Liver abscesses (occasionally toxic megacolon or pneumatosis coli)
* **MCC dysentery in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Entamoeba histolytica tx

A

Eliminate invading trophozoites: Metronidazole AND Tinidazole

Luminal amebicide: Paromomycin or iodoquinol

asx carrier tx with luminal amebicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Trophozoit -> cyst “pear/kite shaped”4 flagella, 2 nuclei
interferes with fat absorption
asx or WATERY (malodorous diarrhea)persistent diarrhea

dx: ova parasites, stool ag detection, fecal leuk -
acquired: lakes/streams/camping, zoonosis, daycare, Russia, IgA deficient more susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica dx

A

flask shaped ulcer on histology
ova and Parasite in stool
STOOL AG
fecal leuk +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Giardia lamblia tx

A

supportive tx
Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide- inihibition of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase enzyme (essential for anaerobes) a prodrug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Oocyst with 4 motil sporozoites
person to person
self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent
**life-threatening intractable in immunosuppressed
WATERY diarrhea (large volumes)
risk factors: food/water, SWIMMING POOLS, daycare, milk (resistant to chlorine tx)
Dx: stool ag or microscopy (modified acid fast, DFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum tx

A 
live within intestinal epithelial cells
antidiarrheal agents: Loperamide (opioid agonist)
fluid management
Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Nematode
enter through exposed skin: bare feet on soil
often asx
can hatch eggs in SI ->autoinfection (persist for life)
GI sx, SOB, cough, perianal urticaria, migratory rash
Risk: rural, immunocompromised (hyperinfection), specifically HTLV1
Rhabditiform larvae in stool ** eggs not passed in stool
eosinophils in stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

S. stercoralis tx

A

Ivermectin: intensifies GABD med transmission in peripheral nerves
Shouldnt be given with other GABA enhancing drugs

30
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

ingestion of eggs
can get long and cause bowel obstruction or biliary tree,
hepatic abscess, ascaris pneumonitis
eggs excreted in feces
abd cramping, malnutirition, worm invasion

31
Q

A. lumbricoides tx

A

Albendazole and mebendazole (broad spectrum)

- microtubule synthesis

32
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostooma duodenale

A

Hookworms (penetrate skin)
adults live in SI, suck blood and reproduce
->erosion, focal hemorrhage, anemia, itching at penetration site
eggs excreted in feces

tx: albendazole and mebendazole

33
Q

Trichuris trichiuria

A 
whip worm
simple life: ingestion of eggs, stay in SI and reproduce for 1 year
no eosinphilia or autoinfection
abd pain and diarrhea
eggs in feces

tx: albendazole and mebendazole

34
Q

Albendazole and mebendazole

A

hook worms
A. lumbricoides
whip worms
pinworms

35
Q

pyrantel pamoate

A

NM blocking agent, causes release of ACh and - AChE

tx: pinworms (E. vermicularis)

36
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworms
eggs ingested, mature in CECUM and ascending LI
females migrate to perianal area at night and lay eggs
severe perianal itching
scotch tape test
no eosinphilia

37
Q

Schistosoma spp.

A

Trematodes: blood flukes
freshwater (snails contaminate water), invade venous system thru skin
live for years but eggs must reach water to hatch
cause: BLOODY stools, bladder cancer, liver cysts
esophageal varices, portal vein branch obstruction
initial dermatitis->Chronic fibrosis
Katayama fever

japonicum and mansoni: in veins of intestineeggs in feces
haematobium: reside in bladder veins, eggs in urine

38
Q

Schistosoma tx

A

Praziquantel
MOA: increased permeability of nematode and cestode cell memebranes to Ca2+

SE: immediate-HA, dizzy, drowsy, lassitude. after several days-low grade fever, pruritis, rash

39
Q

Taeniae solium

A 
cestode (tapeworm) HOOKS
undercooked pork
dx via proglottids and/or eggs in feces
wt loss, malnutrition
Cysticercosis-seizures, muscle, eye DO, (rare)
40
Q

Taeniae saginata

A

cestode (tapeworm) SUCKERS
undercooked beef
mostly asx
proglottids/eggs in feces

41
Q

Diphyllbothrium latum

A

tapeworm
ingestion of larve in raw freshwater fish
absorbs B12->pernicious anemia and neuro sx
few abd sx
proglottids/eggs in feces

42
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

EXTRAINTESTINAL tapeworm infxn
dogs and sheep
eggs hatch in intestine and larvae form HYDATID CYSTS
in liver or lungs (hydatid sand on CT)

43
Q

Cestode(tapeworm) tx

A

Praziquantel
Niclosamide (alt tx, not effective against hydatid cysts)
Albendazole

44
Q

anti-motility agents may be used for diarrhea if:

A

No fever and non-bloody stools

not C. diff or EHEC

45
Q

reactive arthritis occurs in

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia

arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis

46
Q

Alcohol gels are ineffective against

A

Norovirus

C. diff

47
Q

Guillian-Barre Syndrome

A

Campylobacter jejuni infection
acute demyelinating polyneuropathy
symmetrical muscle weakness usually begins in legs and ascends

48
Q

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0157:H7) (EHEC) (Shiga-like toxin) giving abx in EHEC will inc chance of HUS
Shigella (shiga toxin)

dysentery, abd pain, fever, seizures

  • > microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes)
  • > Thrombocytopenia
  • > renal insufficiency (dialysis, supportive tx)
49
Q

Immunosuppressed pt’s

A

cryptosporidium, cystoisospora belli, cyclospora, salmonella, campylobacter, shigella, MAC, CMV, Herpes, adenovirus

IgA def- Giardia

Hemochromatosis- prone to invasive/fatal enteric infxns
Vibrio, listeria, YERSINIA infections
should avoid raw fish

50
Q

AIDS with low CD4 count (diarrhea)

A

Mycobacterium, CMV, adenovirus, herpes,
cryptosporiia, cystoisopora belli, microsporida, blastocystis

agents transmitted via rectum: neisseria gonorrhea, treponema pallidum, chlamydia
may cause proctocolitis

51
Q

Aluminum adverse effects

A

constipation
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA: acute tx of hyperphosphatemia (calcium also)
renal osteodystrophy
encephalopthy

52
Q

H2 receptor antagonists

A

-tidine
Reversibly inhibit H2 receptors on basolateral membrane of pariental cell
onset .5-2 hrs (faster than PPI)
Cimetidine (weak antiandrogen, gynecomastia, galatcorrhea)
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Ranitidine (can be used in pregnancy)

GI and CNS SEs
Rare: blood dyscariasis,
relatively contraindicated in pregnancy

53
Q

PPIs

A

covalently (irreversibly) bind sulfhydryl groups of H+/K+ ATPase, inhibiting gastric acid secretion
several days to new steady state and effects for 24 hrs
Omeprazole (avoid during pregnancy)
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole (can be given to pregnant)
Dexlansoprazole

SE: diarrhea/dyspepsia/nausea, HA/dizzy
Increased risk of C. diff!! Increased risk in kidney dz
relatively contraindicated in pregnancy

54
Q

Sucralfate (carafate)

A

CYTOPROTECTION
crosslinks with stomach acid to create sticky polymer which adheres to epithelia around ulcer’s crater
+ local prostaglandin and mucous production and epidermal growth factor
Indicated for DUODENAL ULCERS but also: apthous ulcers, mucositis/stomatitis, radiating proctitis/ulcers, bile reflux gastropathy

SE: constipation (aluminum hydroxide)
Relative contraindications: severe renal failure (aluminum should be avoided), 2 hours after other meds

55
Q

Misoprostol

A

a PGE1 analog
provides protective PGE1 to gastric mucosa and dec gastric acid release.
cytoprotection and inc mucosal defenses
Indication: PREVENTION of NSAID-induced gastric ulceration in high risk pts
**also pregancy termination w/ or w/out mifepristone
cervical ripening, post-partum hemorrhage

Contraindicated in pregnancy and IBD

56
Q

Bismuth

A

anti-diarrheal, anti-microbial
believed to prevent microbial attachment to mucosa
OTC: reflux, indigestion, and diarrhea
Rx: used in combo with abx (Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin or metronidazole or metronidazole) and PPI

SE: constipation, black/dark stools
Relative contraindications: antiplatelets and anitcoagulants (its a salicylate), severe renal failure
Absolute contraindications: GI BLEEDING, Salicylate hypersensitivity

57
Q

Serotonin (5HT-3) receptor antagonists

A

Blockade of the 5-HT3 receptors at vagal n. terminals and blocks signal transmission to CTZ.
STRONG ANTIEMETIC: Used for pretty much all N/V (CINV, RINV, Post-op, pregnancy)
Dolasetron (high risk, not used)
Granisetron
Ondansetron- Palonsetron (longer 1/2 life, for delayed CINV)
*Alosetron
SE: HA/Constipation/Diarrhea.
**Serotonin Syndrome (dont use with other 5HT3 drugs)
**Dose dependent QT prolongation (anti-arrhythmics)

58
Q

Neurokinin (NK1) Receptor antagonists

Substance

A

-pitant, MODERATE antiemetic
used in combo for CINV
Aprepitant *only used for prophylaxis of post-op N/V
Fosaprepitant (prodrug)
Netupitant (combo only with Palonsetron)
Fosnetapitant (prodrug)
Rolapitant (active metabolite, longe 1/2 life)

SE: dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhea, dizzy, fatigue, tired, drug interactions

59
Q

Histamine (H1) receptor antagonists

A

WEAK antiemetic
Blockage of H1 in VC and vestibular system
varying levels of ANTICHOLINERGIC effects
uses: idiopathic mild n/v, vertigo, motion sickness

Diphenhydramine
Dimenhydrinate (motion sickness)
Meclizine and Cyclizine (vertigo)
Hydrozyine
Promethazine 
Doxylamine (with B6 or pyridoxine for n/v in pregnancy)

SE: anticholinergic effects (drowsy, dry, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision)

60
Q

drugs for motion sickness

A

Scopalamine (antimuscarinic patch)
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, antihistamine)
Meclizine

61
Q

Drugs for vertigo

A

Meclizine

Cyclizine

62
Q

Diabetic Gastroparesis drugs

A

Metoclopramide (D2 receptor antagonist but also ACh stimulation in GI to enhance motility)

63
Q

Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist

A

weak-to-mod antiemetic
anticholinergic effects
Uses: idiopathic, mild n/v, gastroparesis, post op and pregnancy n/v
Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine, perphenazine, prochlorprazine.
Metoclopramide (also inc GI motility for gastroparesis)
Haloperidol and Olanzapine (antipsychotic)

SE: anticholinergic, GT prolongating, dec BP

64
Q

Muscarinic (M1) receptor blockers

A

Scopalamine- patch behind ear for MOTION SICKNESS
WEAK antiemetic
blocks ACh and M1 receptors in neural pathways from the vestibular nuclei in inner ear to brainstem and from reticular formation to VC.
also used for end of life care for excessive secretions

SE: anticholinergic effects

65
Q

Cannabinoids

A

STRONG antiemetic
Dranabinol
+ predominately CB1 (central) and CB2 (peripheral)
binds GPCR and dec excitability of neurons (dec serotonin from vagal afferents)
used for CINV and appetite +
Nabilone (fewer doses)

66
Q

5-ASA agents

A

-sala- for mild to mod UC
Inhibition of PG and LT production via inhibition of COX and LIPOX inhibitors->dec PMN and macrophage chemotaxis

Sulfasalazine
Mesalalmine
Olsalazine
Balsalazide (only for active dz in males)

SE: contraindicated in ASA allergy!

67
Q

TNF Inhibitors

A 
Binds TNF blocking leukocyte migration to site of infection
Adalimumab (UC and CD)
Infliximab (UC and CD)
Golimumab (UC only)
Certolizumab (CD only)

SE: infections, liver toxicity, HA/arthralgia/fatigue, Derm related, malignancy

68
Q

alpha 4 integrin inhibitors

A

Active and maintenance of CD and UC
Limits integrin-assoc cell adhesions and trans-epithelial migration of leukocytes to site of inflammation

Natalizumab (CD) *not in combo with other immunosuppressants ->Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (john cunningham virus)

Vedolizumab (CD and UC)

69
Q

IL-12 and 23 inhibitors

A

active and maintenance of mod-severe CD
bind P40 subunit of IL12 and 23 blocking activation and differentiation of naive T cells and activation of NK cells

Ustekimumab (only if other tx not working)

SE: infections, allergy, HA/arthralgia/fatigue inc malignancy

70
Q

JAK inhibitors

A

active and maintenance of mod-severe UC
bind and inhibit free JAK 1 and 3, thereby inhibiting gene txn and more cytokine release.

Tofacitinib

SE: lymphopenia/lymphocytosis, neutropenia/anemia, Inc LDL/HDL, inc malignancy

71
Q

Steroids for IBD

A

Indicated for acute and/or severe UC and CD (not for maintenance or remission unless absolutely required)
use the lowest dose for shortest duration

GI 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions