Pharm

Question 1

majority of drug penetration through the stratum corneum occurs through the inter/transcellular route

Answer 1

intercellular

Question 2

intercellular entrance of drugs through the stratum corneum normally allows __ _ molecules to diffuse. ___ in this layer are highly hydrophobic and can act as a ___

Answer 2

small hydrophobic
lipids
reservoir for lipid soluble drugs

Question 3

rate of absorption/flux of a drug to the skin is governed by ___ which =

Answer 3

Fick’s law
J =KpCv - permeability coefficient x concn of drug in vehicle
Kp = (diffusion coefficient x partition coeff) / length of diffusion pathway

Question 4

In relation to topical drug absorption Km =

Answer 4

equilibrium of the drug in the stratum corneum relative to its solubility in the vehicle

Question 5

lipophilic drug in a lipophilic base = ___ absorption

Answer 5

modest - drug prefers to stay in vehicle

Question 6

Lipophilic drug in a hydrophilic base = ___ absorption

Answer 6

large amount of absorption

lots in circulation

Question 7

Hydrophilic drug in hydrophilic base = ___ absorption

Answer 7

negligible

Question 8

hydrophilic drug in lipophilic base = ___ absorption

Answer 8

limited

Question 9

___ in a drug’s vehicle can enhance solubility and increase absorption

Answer 9

excipient

Question 10

_____ in transdermal patch increases duration of drug absorption and can provide steady state delivery because __

Answer 10

excess non-dissolved drug

dissolved drug that is used up is replaced by undissolved drug

Question 11

Physical and chemical factors that increase partitioning of a topical drug

Answer 11

hydrate skin by occlusion ( cream/clingfilm etc)

excipients increase hydrophobic drugs solubility

Question 12

topical steroids diffuse across the ___ and combine with __ in cytoplasm which cause ___ to disocciate to activate their receptor that enters the nucleus via ___. receptor molecules assemble into ___ and bind to __ which turn transcription on/off

Answer 12

plasma membrane
GRalpha nuclear receptors
inhibitory heat shock protein
importins
homodimers
GRE (glucocorticoid response elements)

Question 13

most suitable drug characteristics for transdermal delivery

Answer 13

low molecular weight
moderately lipophilic
potent
relatively brief t1/2

Question 14

a semisolid emulsion of oil in water with emulsifier and preservative

Answer 14

cream

Question 15

pros of using cream as a drug base

Answer 15

high H20 content
non-greasy
cool skin

Question 16

semi-solid oil/grease with no preservative

Answer 16

ointment

Question 17

properties of ointment as a drug base

Answer 17

occlusive and emollient, restrict transepidermal H2O loss

BUT are greasy

Question 18

suspension/solution of drug in liquid

Answer 18

lotion

Question 19

lotions are used in __/___ areas

Answer 19

scalp/hairy areas

Question 20

thickened aqueous lotion with high molecular wt polymers

Answer 20

gel

Question 21

gels are for ++_ areas

Answer 21

scalp, hairy areas and face

Question 22

drug base that is semi-solid with fine powdery material

Answer 22

paste

Question 23

characteristics of a paste as a drug base

Answer 23

stiff, greasy, difficult to apply

protective, occlusive, hydrating

Question 24

Type of topical therapy that rehydrates epidermis in dry/scaly conditions

Answer 24

emollient

Question 25

mild topical corticosteroid

Answer 25

1% hydrocortisone

Question 26

moderate topical corticosteroid

Answer 26

modrasone/ clobetasone Butyrate 0.05%

Question 27

potent topical corticosteroid

Answer 27

mometasone/betamethasone valerate 0.1%

Question 28

v. potent topical corticosteroid

Answer 28

clobetasol proprionate 0.05%

Question 29

indications for topial corticosteroids

Answer 29

eczema psoriasis lichen planus keloid scar

Question 30

amount of topical corticosteroids for whole body

Answer 30

20-30g

Question 31

side effects of corticosteroids =

Answer 31

``` thin skin purpura striae rosacea fixed telangiectasia perioral dermatitis worsen/mask infections rebound flare ```

Question 32

examples of antiseptics | indications =

Answer 32

hibitane, pompholyx, savlon | recurrent infections, wound irrigation

Question 33

topical antibiotics used for acne

Answer 33

clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline

Question 34

topical abx for rosacea

Answer 34

metronidazole

Question 35

topical abx for impetigo

Answer 35

mupirocin, fusidic acid

Question 36

topical antifungal for candida/thrush

Answer 36

nystatin, clotrimazole

Question 37

topical antifungals for ringworm/dermatophytes

Answer 37

clotrimazole, terbinafine cream

Question 38

topical antifungal for pityriasis versicolour

Answer 38

ketoconazole

Question 39

antipruritics examples

Answer 39

menthol capsaicin camphor/phenol (for pruritis ani) crotamiton

Question 40

keratolytics indications:

Answer 40

hyperkeratotic eczema, psoriasis, corns and calluses, plaques in scalp and viral warts

Question 41

keratolytic drug example

Answer 41

salicylic acid 10-40%

Question 42

topical treatments for psoriasis =

Answer 42

``` emollients topical steroids keratolytic coal tar vit D analogue dithranol ```

Question 43

imiquimod is an immune modulator which has anti __+__ effects indications =

Answer 43

anti-viral and tumour | genital warts, superficial BCC, solar keratoses, lentigo maligna, Bowen's, verrucae

Question 44

suppress lymphocyte activation and can be used in kids for atopic eczema to spare steroid use

Answer 44

calcineurin inhibitors ( tacrolimus, pimecrolimus)

Question 45

1st line Rx in plaque psoriasis

Answer 45

topical steroids, vit D analogues, coal tar, dithranol

Question 46

2nd line Rx in plaque psoriasis

Answer 46

phototherapy +/- ciclosporin/methotraxate/acitretin

Question 47

3rd line Rx in plaque psoriasis

Answer 47

biological agents eg. anti TNF - adalimumab | anti IL12-23 monoclonal Ig