Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm > Pharm 2 exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 2 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Furosemide

A

Diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

A

Diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spironolactone

A

Diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mannitol

A

Diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diuretic common uses

A
  • Edema (peripheral (right) &pulmonary (left))
  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure (kidney goes first)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diuretic mechanism of action

A

Cause the kidney to excrete more sodium than they normally would. Since water likes to follow sodium, this causes an increase in urine volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which part of the kidney does mannitol start working?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

- Starts the earliest so it is the most powerful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which part of the kidney does furosemide start working?

A

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

- Starts second earliest so its the second most powerful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which part of the kidney does Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) start working?

A

Early distal convoluted tubule

- third strongest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which part of the kidney does spironolactone start working?

A

Late distal convoluted tubule

- least strongest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All Diuretic common themes

A
  • Dehydration
  • Orthostatic hypotenstion
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Nocturia (take before 1400)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Furosemide specific common themes and teaching clients

A
  • Only for edema or heart failure
  • Hypokalemia (low potassium) is a major issue
  • Ototoxicity (tinnitus)

Teach clients

  • Signs of hypokalemia (feel weak, tired, cramps, nausea and vomiting)
  • Eat foods rich in potassium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) specific common themes

A
  • Often initial drug of choice for hypertension
  • Hypokalemia is a major issue
  • Not ototoxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spironolactone specific common themes

A
  • Potassium-sparing diuretic (increases)

- Avoid potassium-rich foods and salt substitutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mannitol specific common themes

A
  • Reduces intracranial pressure
  • Watch out for crystallization (precipitation)
    - Keep warm
    - Use filters
  • Use filter needle and patient usually has a foley catheter
  • Makes blood hypertonic (fluid goes into the blood stream)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What types of drugs are Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

A
  • ACE inhibitors

- Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ACE inhibitors mechanism of action

A

Block the enzyme that converts angiotensin-I to its active form. This causes vasodilation and prevents the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, causing excretion of sodium and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) mechanism of action

A

Block angiotensin-II receptors in the adrenal glands. This causes vasodilation and prevents the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, causing excretion of sodium and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Captopril

A

ACE inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enalapril

A

ACE inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lisinopril

A

ACE inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Losartan

A

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARBs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

RAAS meds common uses

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart Failure
  • Cardioprotection (following MI) (ACE inhibitors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Notable Problems with RAAS meds

A
  • First-dose orthostatic hyotension
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Persistent cough (ACE inhibitors only) 10%
  • Angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue) (0.1% in Caucasians and 0.2% in African Americans)
  • Dry, persistent cough (ACE inhibitors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Calcium Channel Blockers mechanism of action
Block calcium channels in arteries/arterioles. This causes them to relax, decreasing blood pressure. Some CCBs also block calcium channels in the heart, causing the heart rate to decrease
26
Nifedipide
Calcium Channel Blockers
27
Amlodipine
Calcium Channel Blockers
28
Verapamil
Calcium Channel Blockers
29
Dilitiazem
Calcium Channel Blockers
30
Calcium Channel Blockers common uses
- Hypertension - Angina pectoris (chest pain) - Cardiac dysrhythmias (only verapamil & dilitiazem)
31
Calcium Channel Blockers notable problems
- C= Cankles (peripheral edema) - C= Constipation (verapamil) - B= Bradycardia (verapamil & dilitiazem) - S= Syncope (dizziness) Always check HR and BP before administering Nonpharmacologic measures for constipation (fluid, fiber, walking) Avoid Grapefruit juice with CCBs
32
Metroprolol
Cardioselective (beta 1 only) Beta Blocker
33
Atenolol
Cardioselective (beta 1 only) Beta Blocker
34
Propranolol
Nonselective (beta 1 and beta 2) Beta Blocker
35
Carvedilol
Nonselective (beta 1 and beta 2) Beta Blocker
36
Labetalol
Nonselective (beta 1 and beta 2) Beta Blocker
37
Beta blockers common uses
- Hypertension - Angina pectoris - Atrial fibrillation - Cardioprotection (post MI)
38
Beta blockers notable problems
- Bradycardia and hypotension - Can mask hypoglycemia (blocks Adrenalin) - Bronchoconstriction (nonselectives) - Fatigue and/or depression
39
Some HIgh yield concepts for beta blockers
- Always check HR and BP before administering (hold if HR < 50) - Clients with diabetes need to check their glucose more frequently - Clients with respiratory disease should avoid nonselective beta blockers - Do not abruptly stop beta blockers
40
Digoxin mechanism of action
Stimulates the vagus nerve to release more acetylcholine (ACh), causing the heart to beat slower. Digoxin also blocks the Na, K- ATPase pump in the heart. This causes the heart to squeeze harder - which is great for client with heart failure
41
Digoxin notable problems
- Short therapeutic window (0,5-2) - Many drug interactions - Diurectics (Because of potassium level changes) - ACE inhibitors and ARBs (because of potassium level changes) - Antacids - Many more... - Inverse relationship with potassium - Check apical pulse for 60 seconds before giving digoxin: hold if HR less than 60
42
Digoxin toxicity
Early toxicity- Anorexia, nausea and vomiting | Late toxicity- Bradydysrythmias, altered mental status, syncpe, visual changes, death
43
Angina pectoris definition
Angina is reversible ischemic injury that occurs when the heart's oxygen demand is greater than the supply
44
Types of Angina
1. Stable angina 2. Unstable angina 3. Prinzmetal (variant) angina
45
Stable angina
Need more oxygen when exercising and is predictable
46
Unstable angina
Plaques ruptures
47
Prinzmetal angina
Coronary artery vasospasms
48
Nitroglycerin
Antiangina med
49
Isosorbide mononitrate
Antiangina med
50
Antiangina medication mechanism of action
Cause the body to produce more cyclic GMP. Cyclic GMP causes widespread vasodilation. This helps clients with angina, because it decreases preload and helps open the coronary arteries.
51
Antiangina medication common problems
- Headache (50% of people) - Orthostatic hypotension - Reflex tachycardia - Tolerance - Tachyphylaxis - Don't combine with erectile dysfunction drugs
52
Nitroglycerin teaching
1. Sit or lie down 2. Place tablet under tongue 3. Wait five minutes 4. If pain persists, call 911 and take another 5. Wait five minutes 6. If pain persists, take one last tablet 7. 3 is max 8. Patch is for 10-12 hours
53
Isosorbide Mononitrate teaching
- Don't crush - Only lasts 12 hours - Must have "nitrate-free interval" - Improves exercise tolerance
54
If they actually have a myocardial infarction (MI) give them what?
M- Morphine O- Oxygen N- Nitroglycerin A- Aspirin (chewable)
55
What is dyslipidemia
Too much bad lipids in the blood
56
Dyslipidemia meds
- Statins - Cholesterol absorption inhibitors - Bile-acid sequestrants - Nicotinic-acid, niacin - Fibrates
57
Statins mechanism of action
Block the action of an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase. This halts a crucial step in the formation of cholesterol, causing a decrease in LDL and VLDL cholesterol
58
Atorvastatin
Statin
59
Lovastatin
Statin
60
Rosuvastatin
Statin
61
Simvastatin
Statin
62
Statin notable problems
- Hepatotoxicity (0.5-2% of clients) | - Myopathy (5-10% of clients)- muscle problems
63
What is Rhabdomyolysis
- Clog up kidneys and turn urine cola brown
64
Antidysrhythmic medications 4 classes
- Class 1= Na channel blockers - Class 2= Beta blockers - Class 3= K channel blockers - Class 4= Ca channel blockers
65
Amiodarone
Antidysrhythmic (Class 3)
66
Amiodarone toxicity
- Dysrhythmias - Liver toxicity - Photosensitivity - Pulmonary toxicity - Thyroid dysfunction - Visual disturbances
67
Amiodarone High yield concepts
- Amiodarone can treat atrial fibrillation - It can cause heart,liver, skin, pulmonary, thyroid, and vision problems - Baseline testing needs to be performed - Educate clients on what to report
68
Types of shock
- Hypovolemic (dehydration/bleeding (cullen and turner sign) - Cardiogenic (heart weak, no pumping) - Distributive (Anaphylactic, Neurogenic, Septic) - Obstructive (major arterial obstruction)
69
How to rapidly increase BP
1. Fluid bolus 2. Volume expander 3. Vasopressor
70
Epinephrine
Adrenergic Agonist (nonselective)
71
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic Agonist (more selective, mainly alpha)
72
Dopamine
Adrenergic Agonist (causes tachycardia)
73
Dobutamine
Adrenergic Agonist (mainly given to make the heart pump harder)
74
Adrenergic Agonist problems
- Too much vasoconstriction (necrosis) - Tachycardia (decreased stroke volume) - Increased workload on the heart
75
Adrenergic Agonist high yield concepts
- These drugs are powerful (and dangerous) - You have to give them centrally - The doses are titrated - Monitor urine output and perfusion to extremities

Pharm (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions