Pharm

Question 1

Amide local anesthesia:

Answer 1

Lidocaine, Mepivicane, Bupivicane, articane, prilocaine

Liver

Question 2

Ester local anesthesia:

Answer 2

Cocaine, Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine

Plasma

Question 3

Blood flow?
Lipid solubility?
Protein binding?
lower Pka?

Answer 3

Shorter duration of action
More potent and longer duration of action
Longer duration
Faster onset ( Mepvicane> lido,prilo,arti>Bupvicane)

Question 4

How many mg of epi and local anesthesia?

Answer 4

.018 mg and 18 mg

Question 5

Toxicity limits for LA?

Answer 5

ASA I: 0.2 mg epi
Caridac patient: .04mg epi
W/out epi: 4.4/kg lido
with epi: 7mg/kg lido

Question 6

Sulfonamides

Answer 6

• Bacteriostatic
• Folate synthesis inhibitor (competes with
PABA)
• Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole

Question 7

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 7

• Bactericidal
• DNA synthesis inhibitor
• Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin

Question 8

Penicillins

Answer 8

Bactericidal
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, β-lactam
• Cross-allergenic with cephalosporins because they are chemically related
• Penicillin G IV, more sensitive to acid degradation
• Penicillin V oral
• Amoxicillin broad spectrum
• Augmentin amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (β-lactamase-resistant)
• Methicillin β-lactamase-resistant
• Dicloxacillin “
• Ampicillin best/broadest gram-negative spectrum
• Carbenicillin used specifically against pseudomonas

Question 9

Cephalosporins

Answer 9

• Bactericidal
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, β-lactam
• 1st Gen= Cephalexin (Keflex)
• 2nd Gen= Cefuroxime
• 3rd Gen= Ceftriaxone
• 4th Gen= Cefepime
• 5th Gen= Ceftaroline

Question 10

Monobactams

Answer 10

• Bactericidal
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, β-lactam
• Aztreonam

Question 11

Carbapenems

Answer 11

• Bactericidal
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, β-lactam
• Imipenem

Question 12

Tetracyclines

Answer 12

• Bacteriostatic
• Protein synthesis inhibitor (30S ribosomal
subunit)
• Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline
• Broadest antimicrobial spectrum

Question 13

Macrolides

Answer 13

• Bacteriostatic
• Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S ribosomal
subunit)
• Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin

Question 14

Lincosamides

Answer 14

• Bacteriostatic
• Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S ribosomal
subunit)
• Clindamycin, Lincomycin

Question 15

When is Antibiotic Prophylaxis

Required?

Answer 15

Cardiovascular conditions
– Prosthetic heart valve
– History of endocarditis
– Heart transplant with valvulopathy/valve dysfunction
– Congenital heart problems

• Compromised immunity
– Organ transplant
– Neutropenia
– Cancer therapy

Question 16

Side Effects

Answer 16

• What causes GI upset and pseudomonas colitis? Clindamycin
• What is most likely to cause superinfection? Broad spectrum
antibiotics
• What is associated with aplastic anemia? Chloramphenicol
• What is associated with liver damage? Tetracycline
• What is associated with allergic cholestatic hepatitis?
Erythromycin estolate

Question 17

Azoles

Answer 17

nhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, which converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Question 18

nystatin and amphotericin,

Answer 18

directly interact with sterols in the cell membrane to form channels that lead to leakage through the cell wall.

Question 19

Drug Interactions

Answer 19

• Cidal and static drugs cancel each other out
• Penicillin & probenecid ( reduce clearance of penicillin)
• Tetracycline & antacids/dairy ( reduce tetracycline bioavailability)
• Broad spectrum antibiotics & anticoagulants ( Increase bleeding)
• Antibiotics & oral contraceptives ( decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptive)
• Macrolides & seldane/digoxin

Question 20

Antvirals:

Answer 20

inhibit the DNA polymerase