Pharm

Question 1

Sympathomimetics

Answer 1

Norepinephrine - released from postG SNS endings into blood
epinephrine
isoproterenol - synthetic NE analogue

Question 2

Sympatholytics

Answer 2

B-blockers

A-blockers

Question 3

parasympathomimetics

Answer 3

pilocarpine - direct receptor agonist

cholinesterase - indirectly (inhibits AChE)

Question 4

Parasympatholytics

Answer 4

atropine - muscarinic blocker

Question 5

Class I - Na+ channel blockers

Answer 5

prolong the effective refractory period
increases threshold of excitability
decreases conduction velocity

IA - procainamide
IB - lidocaine
IC - flecainide

Question 6

Class II - B-blockers

Answer 6

suppress positive ionotropic and chronotropic effects
reduce rate and contractility of the heart

Non-Selective - propranolol (do not give to asthmatics)
Cardiac Selective - -olols

Question 7

Class III - K+ channel blockers

Answer 7

block K+ channels and prolong repolarization

amiodarone

Question 8

Class IV - Ca2+ channel blockers

Answer 8

decrease slope of phase 4 AP
prolongs ERP
slows conduction (specifically AV node)
USED TO CONTROL SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRYTHMIAS

verapamil, diltiazem

Question 9

Class V

Answer 9

digoxin - increases intracellular Ca2+; and increases contractile force
atropine - mus blocker
epi - increase HR
adenosine - prevalent on atrial myocytes in SA and AV nodes; inhibits adenylyl cyclase; decreases conduction velocity; prolonged refractory period and decreased AV node automaticity
drug of choice for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Question 10

phase I rxns

Answer 10

Generally makes less toxic and/or more water-soluble

reductions
hydrolysis
oxidation
  microsomal
     CYP450
     FAD-containing monooxygenase (NADPH cofactor and FAD, to catalyse oxidation)
  non-microsomal 
     MAO
     Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Question 11

Phase II rxns

Answer 11

Generally conjugation rxns to make more water-soluble for excretion

Glucuronide Conjugation
Glutathione Conjugation
Acetylation
Sulfate Conjugation
Glycine Conjugation
Methylation

Question 12

First Order kinetics

Metabolism

Answer 12

Rate of metabolism of the drug; CONSTANT FRACTION per unit time; occurs at lower doses

Question 13

Zero Order Kinetics

Answer 13

Rate of metabolism of the drug; CONSTANT AMOUNT per unit time; occurs at higher doses

Question 14

CYP family

Answer 14

inducers - promote drug breakdown; increase dose

inhibit - inhibits drug breakdown; reduce dose