Pharm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins&raquo_space;> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache

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2
Q

Niacin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia

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3
Q

Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption

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4
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL

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5
Q

Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Upregulates LPL (lipoprotein lipase), activates PPAR-alpha to induce HDL synthesis -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis (aka rhabdomyolysis) and hepatoxicity

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6
Q

Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility, Stimulates the vagus; CHF, afib; causes cholinergic symptoms and hyperkalemia

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7
Q

Adverse effects of statins

A

Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown

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8
Q

Class 1A antiarrhythmics

A

Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced lupus)

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9
Q

Class 1B antiarrhythmics

A

Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI

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10
Q

Class 1C antiarrhythmics

A

Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias

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11
Q

Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity)

A

Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia

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12
Q

Class 2 antiarrhythmics

A

Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation

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13
Q

Class 3 antiarrhythmics

A

Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT interval

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14
Q

Toxicity of amiodarone

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction

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15
Q

Class 4 antiarrhythmics

A

Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edema

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16
Q

Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain

17
Q

Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

A

Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity