Pharamacology 1000 Flashcards
Aciclovir.
ANTIVIRAL
Nucleoside Analogue used to inhibit replication of varicella zoster and herpes simplex.
GIT disturbance at local injection site.
Adenosine.
ANTI-ARRHYTHMATIC
Hyperpolarises cardiac tissue and slows down pacemaker activity via A1 receptors at AVN.
Cause AV block and difficulty breathing, bronchospasm in asthmatics.
Albendazole.
ANTI-NEMATODE
Binds to beta tubulin on microtubules preventing polymerization. Depolmeriation of tubules still occurs naturally leading to reduce in number. Helminth glucose uptake in initestine inhibited.
GIT, Liver.
Allopurinol.
TREAT GOUT
Inhibits Xanthine oxidase which is involved in the production of uric acid from hypoxanthine and xanthine.
Cause rash.
Azathioprine and Mercaptopurine dose should be reduced as enzyme function reduced.
Amethocaine.
ESTER ANESTHETIC.
Shorter half life than an amide anesthetic.
Allergic rash on skin, epithelial damage of cornea.
Amiodarone.
ANTI ARRHYTHMATIC.
Class 3. Blocks potassium channels which prolongs duration of action potential and increase refractory period.
Pulmonary toxicity, skin photosensitivity, hyper/hypo thyroidism.
! Use stuff like CCB and Beta blockers with caution.
Amphotericin.
ANTI FUNGAL.
Targets Egosterol in the fungal cell wall. Causes amphotericin b pores which alter cell permeability.
Nephrotoxicity.
Amoxycillin.
PENICILLIN. Broad spectrum.
Binds to penicillin-binding-proteins.
Penicillins in general.
Adverse effects - affect clotting process and increase bleeding time.
Anastrozole.
NON SELECTIVE AROMATASE INHIBITOR.
Decrease Oestrogen levels. Prevent oestrogen production form androgens via aromatase enzyme.
Adverse reactions are similar to what happens when oestrogen levels are reduced.
Aspirin.
SIMPLE ANALGESIC, ANTITHROMBOTIC.
IRREVERSIBLY inhibits COX reducing thromboxane and prostacyclins.
Atenolol.
BETA 1 BLOCKER.
Treat angina and hypertension. Decreases heart rate and contraction, decreases cardiac output.
Can develop rebound angina, hypertension if drug is quickly withdrawn.
Bupivicaine.
ANESTHETIC.
Longer duration of action than Lignocaine.
Cardiotoxic.
Chloramphenicol.
ANTIBIOTIC.
Binds to 50s and prevents protein synthesis. Treat eye and ear infections.
Myelotoxicity, infants can’t metabolise it - grey baby syndrome, aplastic anemia.
Inhibit liver enzymes and increase the concentration of other drugs.
Ciprofloxacin.
QUINALONE ANTIBIOTIC.
Inhibit DNA topoisomerase 2 and 4, inhibit DNA replication - result in cell death.
Codeine.
MORPHINE ANALOGUE.
Quite weak. Moderate to sever pain.
Constipation, respiratory depression.
Cyclophosphoamide.
NITROGEN MUSTARD ALKYLATING AGENT.
The phosphoramide mustard forms cross links with DNA and interferes with cell replication.
!!! CNS toxicity, Alopecia, Myelosupression, potentially irreversible infertility. !!!
Digoxin.
POSITIVE IONOTROPE, AV block for atrial fibrillation.
Inhibits sodium/potassium pump. Increase in intracellular Sodium and hence calcium.
Cause decreased conduction (AV block, sinus bradycardia) and increased automaticity (tachycardia). Treat digoxin toxicity (tachycardia) with antibodies.
Doxorubicin.
ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTIC.
Intercalates with DNA, forms DNA topoisomerase 2 complex and generates ROS.
Cardiotoxicity and Alopecia.
Erythromycin.
MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTIC.
Binds irreversibly with 50s ribosomes and interferes with protein synthesis.
Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea. Can increase QT interval with verapamil.
CYP3A4.
Colchicine.
GOUT.
Inihibit microtubule polymerisation by binding to tubulin. Stops cell division.
CYP3A4.
Frusemide.
DIURETIC,
Inhibits sodium reabsorption.
Typical diuretic adverse effects.
Diuretics adverse effects.
Metabolic - low potassium sodium and magnesium, hyperuricemia.
Non metabolic - hypotension and syncope.
Gentamycin.
AMINOGLYCOSIDE.
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30s subunit.
Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity.
GTN.
ANGINA TREATMENT.
Prodrug is converted to nitric oxide. This increases intracellular cGMP which causes vasodilation.
Hydrochlorothiazide.
DIURETIC.
A thiazide diuretic. Blocks Sodium/Calcium channels, Increaae loss of potassium and hydrogen in the urine.
Ibuprofen.
NSAID.
Nonselective COX inhibitor.
Infliximab.
ANTIBODY,
Blocks TNF alpha. IV. This can also produce an allergic reaction; itch, headache, GIT fever, fatigue.
Flucanazole.
ANTIFUNGAL,
Inhibit cytochrome p450 enzyme in fungi. Cell membrane synthesis becomes screwed as egosterol synthesis is affected.
Fluorouracil.
ANTICANCER,
Pyrimidine antimetabolite. causes DNA and RNA damage.
GIT problems, Alopecia, Handfoot syndrome, Myelosupression, Diarrhoea.
Frusemide.
DIURETIC,
Inhibits absorption of NaCL in the loop of henle.
Irbesartan.
ANGIOTENSIN 2 receptor antagonist.
Diziness, headache, hyperkalemia.
Ivermectin.
ANTIPARASITIC,
Opening of chloride channels in the parasite leading to neuromuscular paralysis and death.
Lignocaine.
LOCAL ANESTHETIC.
Binds to voltage gated ion channels an inhibit influx of sodium causing depolarisation.
Meloxicam,
NSAID,
More selective for COX 2.
Risk for renal side effects.
Methotrexate.
ANTI CANCER, DMARDS.
Folate analogue, Antiinflammatory.
Competitive inhibitor for DHFR enzyme which is involved in converting folic acid to Dihydrofolate.
Metronidazole.
ANTIBIOTIC,
Anaerobic bacteria, metabolized by them to an unstable intermediate product which inhibits DNA replication.
GIT, Dizziness, headache, thrombophlebitis.
Morphine,
PAINKILLER,
Mu receptor agonist (higher affinity),
Inhibition of pain transmission in dorsal horn, activation of descending inhibitory pathways and inhibiting the activation of nociceptor afferents.
Rifampicin can increase metabolism.
Naloxone.
Antagonist for all 3 opiod receptors but mainly for Mu.
Withdrawal syndrome.
Oseltamavir.
An oral pro drug used in the treatment of influenza A and B. It works by binding to viral neuraminidase and preventing its ability to cleave sialic acid and thereby preventing the virus from being released.
Also known as Tamiful. GIT problems can occur.
Paracetamol.
Analgesic, antipyretic.
How to enable hibernation?
COX inhibition, nitric oxide inhibition, deactivation of descending serotogenic pathways, modulation of the endocannabinoid system.
Daily dose should not exceed 4g per day.
If overdosed give acetylcysteine.
Removed by conjugation with glucoronate and sulphate while a small amount is metabolised by CYP450 creating NAPQI. TO remove this metabolite glutathione is required.
Perindopril.
ACE INHIBITOR.
Used in treatment of hypertension, heart failure and used to improve prognosis after Myocardial Infarction.
Causes vasodilation and less sodium/water retention.
Cause hypotension/renal failure.
+ potassium sparing diuretics = hyperkalemia.
+ diuretics = increased hypotension.
+ beta blockers = sensitivity to drug reduced.
Prednisolone.
A glucocorticoid.
Affect gene transcription. Has antiinflammatory an immunosuppreive properties. Used for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, prevent organ rejection. Used in adrenal insufficiency.
Excess causes cushings syndrome.
Oseltamavir.
An oral pro drug used in the treatment of influenza A and B. It works by binding to viral neuraminidase and preventing its ability to cleave sialic acid and thereby preventing the virus from being released.
Also known as Tamiful. GIT problems can occur.
Paracetamol.
Analgesic, antipyretic.
How to enable hibernation?
COX inhibition, nitric oxide inhibition, deactivation of descending serotogenic pathways, modulation of the endocannabinoid system.
Daily dose should not exceed 4g per day.
If overdosed give acetylcysteine.
Removed by conjugation with glucoronate and sulphate while a small amount is metabolised by CYP450 creating NAPQI. TO remove this metabolite glutathione is required.
Perindopril.
ACE INHIBITOR.
Used in treatment of hypertension, heart failure and used to improve prognosis after Myocardial Infarction.
Causes vasodilation and less sodium/water retention.
Cause hypotension/renal failure.
+ potassium sparing diuretics = hyperkalemia.
+ diuretics = increased hypotension.
+ beta blockers = sensitivity to drug reduced.
Prednisolone.
A glucocorticoid.
Affect gene transcription. Has antiinflammatory an immunosuppreive properties. Used for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, prevent organ rejection. Used in adrenal insufficiency.
Excess causes cushings syndrome.
