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PHAR 100 > PHAR 100 - Module 5 > Flashcards

PHAR 100 - Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

safety and efficacy of OTC drugs

A
  • all are subjected to preclincal testing for safety

- post-market safety surveillance is also conducted

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2
Q

grandparenting

A

new regulation don’t apply to products already on the market

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3
Q

guidlines for using an OTC

A
  • illness/symptoms are mild

- use shouldn’t exceed 2 weeks

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4
Q

selection of appropriate OTC

A
  • proven efficacy for the condition
  • simplest ingredients
  • list of ingredients and their amount
  • come in appropriate dosage form
  • known level of toxicity
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5
Q

internal analgesics → acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; brand name = Aspirin)

A
  • relieves pain (analgesic), fever (antipyretic), and inflammation (anti-inflammatory)
  • ASA inhibits synthesis at prostaglandins, which are endogenous substances that enhance the mediation of pain and fever
  • tinnitus (ringing in ears at high doses, bad for children)
  • allergic reactions
  • gastric irritation (ASA breaks down mucosal barrier in stomach)
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6
Q

internal analgesics → acetaminophen (brand name = Tylenol)

A
  • effective analgesic and antipyretic, not anti-inflammatory
  • drug of choice in cases where ASA causes gastric irritation and inferable conditions in children
  • inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
  • overdose can lead to fatal liver injury
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7
Q

internal analgesics → non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) (Ibuprofen - brand name = Advil and naproxen = aleve)

A
  • effective analgesics, antipyretics and anti-inflammatories
  • reverse inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins
  • gastric irritation
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8
Q

topical analgesics

A
  • minor sprains and overworked muscles

- voltarin (an NSAID) has proven efficacy

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9
Q

antihistamines

A
  • treatment of symptoms due to allergy

- block histamine receptors, thereby inhibiting the binding of histamine to its receptor, decreasing allergy symptoms

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10
Q

antacids

A
  • hold the pH of gastric contents at about 4
  • neutralize gastric acid by an acid-base reaction
  • systemic antacids - given orally and are absorbed by GI tract, leading to systemic alkalosis
  • non-systemic antacids - aren’t absorbed and don’t cause systemic alkalosis
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11
Q

decongestants

A
  • cause constriction of blood vessels preventing the accumulation of fluid and thereby reducing congestion
  • long-acting preparations are best
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12
Q

cough suppressants

A
  • centrally-acting → block processing of info in the medulla, reducing frequency of the cough; codeine (an opioid)
  • peripheral cough suppressant → block the nerve endings in the throat and bronchioles inhibiting the stimulus to cough
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13
Q

expectorants

A
  • reduce the viscosity of the sputum by increasing secretions
  • glyceryl guaiacolate
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14
Q

sleeping aids

A
  • main ingredient are an antihistamine that has sedative properties and an analgesic
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15
Q

laxatives

A
  • increases excretion of a soft-formed stool by increasing gut motility or hydration of the stool
  • stimulant laxatives → increase motor activity of intestine and increase secretion of mucus, water and electrolytes into the intestine
  • bulk-forming laxatives → swell in water to form an emollient gel or viscous solution that serve to maintain soft stool
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16
Q

anti-diarrheal agents

A
  • used to control diarrhea
  • main concern with diarrhea is dehydration
  • absorbents (Pepto) → add bulk to the GI tract and may absorb toxins
  • loperamide → synthetic opioid that doesn’t penetrate into the CNS; inhibits gut motility by acting on opioid receptors in the GI tract, reducing peristaltic activity
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17
Q

0.5% and 1% hydrocortisone

A
  • topical anti-inflammatory used for exposure to poison ivy, insect bits, any anti-inflammatory condition that is treated topically
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18
Q

sunscreens

A
  • contains compounds such as para-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, benzophenone, and cinamic acids
  • are absorbed into the outer layer of the skin and scatter UV energy, preventing it from reaching the lower layer of the skin
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19
Q

increase in herbal drugs is due to

A
  • desire of people to use natural products, which they believe are safer than conventional products
  • manufacturers and retailers promote these products for financial gain
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20
Q

allopathic medications

A

drugs used by mainstream medicine; have a DIN number from Health Canada

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21
Q

herbal medications (homeopathics)

A

plant products sold as medicine (no DIN); often crude mixtures and evaluation is lacking

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22
Q

phytopharmaceuticals

A

drugs obtained from plants, purified, and used at therapeutic doses with scientific evidence of efficacy and documented toxicity

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23
Q

allopathic phytopharmaceuticals

A

full status as a drug and meet all requirements of a drug (full safety and efficacy evaluation; DIN)

24
Q

food supplement

A

a herbal product that is used at 1/4 of the proposed therapeutic dose

25
Q

problems associated with herbals

A
  • lack of efficacy and safety data
  • lack of standardization
  • intentional adulteration (addition of substances other than the herbal)
  • questionable source
  • drug interactions with allopathic medications
  • confusing literature
26
Q

St. John’s Worts

A
  • treat mild-moderate depression, and to heal wounds
  • active ingredients are hypericin and hyperforin
  • less effective than other antidepressants
  • likely effective for mild to moderate depression
  • can cause phototoxicity (sunlight causes a skin reaction)
27
Q

aloe vera

A
  • applied to skin topically to aid in healing of wounds/burns
  • active ingredients are mannans and anthraquinones
  • increase in micro-circulation of the skin
  • possibly effective for cold sores and minor skin irritations
28
Q

devil’s claw

A
  • recommended for a wide range of ailments, from migraines to kidney disease
  • mainly used for treatment of inflammatory conditions
  • active ingredients are glucoirioids
  • possibly effective for arthritis and osteoarthritis
29
Q

ginseng

A
  • enhance memory, learning, productivity, and the immune system
  • can also reduce blood sugar in diabetics
  • active ingredients are ginsenosides and panaxosides
  • possibly effective for thinking and memory, diabetes, erective dysfunction, and COPD
30
Q

echinacea

A
  • prevention and treatment of the common cold, for wound healing and as an anti-inflammatory agent
  • active ingredients are echinacein, cichoric acid and caffeic acid
  • can stimulate T-lymphocytes
  • possibly effective for the common cold
31
Q

valerian

A
  • treatment of nervous tension and panic attacks
  • active ingredients are valepotriates
  • possibly effective for mild insomnia
32
Q

vitamin

A

a substance essential for the maintenance of normal metabolic functions, but is generally not made in the body and therefore must be provided from an outside source (except vitamin D and K)

33
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamin C and 11 vitamins in the B group

34
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E and K

35
Q

vitamins as supplements

A
  • increased requirements → necessary during growth, pregnancy, breastfeeding
  • inadequate intake → bad diet
  • disturbance in absorption → prolonged diarrhea, liver disease
36
Q

nutritional approach to vitamin therapy

A
  • one selects a diet aimed at supplying the RDA for each vitamin, or a multivitamin preparation which supplies the RDA of each vitamin
37
Q

megavitamin approach to vitamin therapy

A
  • excess water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine

- high doses of fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate in body fat and can cause severe toxic effects

38
Q

vitamin A

A
  • found only in animal products
  • required for growth and development, normal structure of mucous membranes and epithelial cells
  • administered in periods of increased requirement (infancy, pregnancy)
  • deficiency can result in delay of growth and development, nigh blindness, dry skin
  • excessive intake can result in dry itchy skin, vomiting, headache
39
Q

vitamin D

A
  • found in meat, fish and mushrooms
  • increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine, regulation of blood calcium level
  • used to help prevent osteoporosis
  • deficiency can result in decreased absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine, decreased blood calcium level
  • excessive intake can result in elevated calcium levels in blood, excess removal of calcium from bone
40
Q

vitamin E

A
  • found in vegetable oils and some green leafy veggies
  • essential for a number of biochemical reactions, including a role as an antioxidant, and protecting cells in the cardiovascular system
  • useful in treatment of premature babies with an uncommon type of hemolytic anemia
  • deficiency is rare
  • excessive intake can inhibit platelet aggression and contribute to the anticoagulant effects of warfarin
41
Q

vitamin B12

A
  • found in meat and dairy
  • synthesis of RBCs
  • absorption decreases as we age → elderly increase intake
  • alcohol abuse or malabsorption can lead to deficiencies
42
Q

folic acid

A
  • all food groups are rich in folate, but fresh greens veggies, liver and yeast are especially high
  • synthesis of RBCs
  • pregnant women increase intake to prevent neural tube defects
43
Q

vitamin C

A
  • found in fruits and veggies
  • contributes to framework that holds cells together, required for formation on bone and teeth, antioxidant
  • prevention and treatment of scurvy
  • deficiency can result in scurvy
  • excess intake results in diarrhea, formation of kidney stones
44
Q

food additives

A

substances that are added to improve the appearance, texture and storage of food

45
Q

intentional food additives

A
  • substances that are added to improve appearance, texture and storage of food
  • vitamins/minerals
  • flavours
  • colours
  • preservatives
46
Q

unintentional food additives

A
  • substances that are added inadvertently as a result of the growing, manufacturing and storage processes of food
  • often termed contaminants
  • fertilizers
  • pesticides
  • heavy metals
47
Q

safety of food additives

A
  • regulations are more stringent for food additives than OTC drugs
48
Q

determining toxicity of a food additive

A
  • risk/benefit ratio must be carefully determined
  • study toxicity in animals and then extrapolate the results to humans
  • limitations are: exposure in humans is hard to replicate in animals, assumption of risk
49
Q

rational use of food additives

A
  • enhance or maintain quality of food
  • should be used inly in quantities sufficient enough to obtain stated ends
  • toxicological evaluation of additives should be undertaken
  • special groups should be considered
50
Q

current concerns with food additives

A
  • mistrust of the use of additives
  • exposure of children to additives
  • natural additives can also be harmful
51
Q

flavouring

A
  • toxicity’s are rare

- mixtures of artificial flavours

52
Q

colours

A
  • organic dye added to give food an appetizing appearance

- allergic reactions have occurred

53
Q

texture agents

A
  • high concentrations found in food

- little to no toxicity

54
Q

perservatives

A
  • allows the delivery of food to distant destinations and ensures appropriate quality of the food
  • benefits outweigh the risks
  • antibacterials → smoke, can carry a small carcinogenic risk
    • antibiotics → aren’t used in Canada
    • sodium nitrate → controversial, added to meat to give
      a red colour
  • antioxidants → prevent the oxidation and thus rancidity and discolouration of food
    • water-soluble → added to reduce oxidation of
      carbohydrates (fruit); citric acid
    • lipid-soluble → prevents fats from oxidizing (chips)
55
Q

sweeteners

A
  • saccharin - restricted in Canada

- aspartame - replaced saccharin

PHAR 100 (6 decks)

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