PHA613 PersPharm - History Flashcards
Before the dawn of history, there were 2 things that people of before used to think and do. What are those?
Beliefs and Remedies
- Sickness caused by evil forces
- punishment from the gods
Before the Dawn of History
Beliefs
- Offer sacrifices like food and prayers
- Use of natural resources like plants, mud, animals and minerals.
Before the Dawn of History
Remedies
TRUE OR FALSE
Ancient man learned from logical reasoning of animals behavior
FALSE. They learned form INSTINCT & OBSERVATION
Ancient made use of what materials to create his FIRST Soothing application. Name the 4.
cool water
mud
leaves
dirt
The History of Pharmacy has three eras/ages. Name the 3 (in order)
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Modern Europe
What was “Pharmacy” called before?
Apothecary
This place was the cradle of civilization
Babylon
This was also called the “Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia”
Babylon
The EARLIEST known record of practice of the art of the apothecary was during what time?
Ancient Babylon
During the ancient of Babylon, name the 3 practitioners of healing
priests
pharmacists
physicians
All in One
the first record of the symptomsof illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, and invocation to the gods were recorded on a ___?
* Medical texts
Clay tablets of Mesopotamia (800 tablets)
In ancient China, the practice of pharmacy originated from whom?
Shen Nung (2000 BC)
Father of Chinese Pharmaceuticals
Shen Nung
Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs
Shen Nung
_____ Native herbal plants: podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang or ephedra
365
Shen Nung wrote a book called ___
Pen T-Sao (The Botanical Basis of Pharmacy), or native herbals
Lists 365 native herbal plants
a Taoist & natural philosopher
Lao Tzu (500 BC)
author of “The Way”
Lao Tzu
Lao Tzu promoted concept of health and prosperity through ____ and _____ of natural cosmic cycles
awareness and observance
promoted concept of health and prosperity through awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles
Lao Tzu
balanced of Yin & Yang
Qi (energy)
TRUE OR FALSE
Yin is unbalanced, therefore Yang tries to balance it.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In Ancient China, people rely on the concept of energy (Qi)
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Yin and Yang are different but they complement each other
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Yin and Yang if imbalanced causes illness
TRUE
Papyrus Ebers is under what ancient period?
Ancient Egypt
oldest, best known and most important pharmaceutical record
Papyrus Ebers
The Papyrus Ebers is how many yards (or ft) long?
21 yards (60ft)
The Papyrus Ebers contains __ Rx mentioning ____ drugs.
800 Rx; 700 drugs
What were the COMMON DOSAGE FORMS (Egyptian preparations) of Egyptians
MEMORIZE THIS!!!
gargles
suppositories
inhalations
poultices
ointments
Name the 3 Biblical Records (1200 BC)
Book of Sirach
Genesis
Exodus
creation of medicines by God
Book of Sirach
myrrh as astringent, carminative and protectant
Genesis
olibanum (frankinscence)
Exodus
Also called “Sealed Earth”
Terra Sigillata
- One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnos hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries
- washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness
- formed in to pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried
- the tablets were then widely distributed commercially
Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)
Father of Medicine
Hippocrates(460B.C.)
Terra Sigillata is present in what period?
Ancient Mediterranean
He sought the rationalization of treatment
Hippocrates
He showed the fundamentals of scientific method
Hippocrates
He used a scientific way of diagnosis and treatment
Father of Botany
Theophrastus (300 B.C.)
Philosopher and natural scientists
Theophrastus (300 B.C.)
Who are the two renowned person in Ancient Greece?
Hippocrates
Theophrastus
observations and writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are accurate, even in the light of present knowledge
Theophrastus(300 B.C.)
In this ancient period, there was a thin line separating therapeutic and toxicology.
Ancient Turkey
King of Pontus
Mithridates VI (100 B.C.)
Father of Toxicology/Royal Toxicologist
Mithridates VI (100 B.C.)
studied the art of poisoning and the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning
Mithridates VI (100 B.C.)
- Mitridates famed formula of alleged pan-antidotal powers
- popular for over a thousand years
- antidote against all kinds of poision
Mithridatum
One of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark as a means of identification of source and of gaining customers’ confidence
Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)
- a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)
Father of Pharmacology
Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.)
Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.) wrote a compiled his records and is called ____?
De Materia Medica
De Materia Medica recorded ___ plants and ___ minerals
600 plants and 90 minerals
What period is Pedanios Dioscorides part of?
Middle Ages
He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use (The Herbal)
a. who is he?
b. what is the record called?
a. Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.)
b. De Materia Medica
TRUE OR FALSE.
The texts od Dioscorides were considered** basic science **as late as the 16th century
TRUE
First Pharmacist / Botanist
Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.)
His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years
Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.)
Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome
Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.)
EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING
Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.)
class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means
Galenicals
Galen was the originator of the formula for a ____
cold cream (Galen’s cerates)
basis of treaties on simple drugs
Galen’s medical writings
similar to dispensatories
Antidotaria
more modest formularies
Receptaria
PHARMACY’S PATRON SAINTS
DAMIAN AND COSMAS
the apothecary
Damian
the physician
Cosmas
- Twinship of the health professions
- Arabian descent
Damian and Cosmas
Damian and Cosmas careers were cut short in the year ___ by ____
303 by martyrdom
After canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine
Damian and Cosmas
Practice of Pharmacy and Medicine passed from lay practitioners to the clerics
Monastic Pharmacy
was the center of intellectual life (5th to 12th century)
Monastic Pharmacy
Collected and cultivated medicinal plants
Monks
Distilled aromatic and cordial waters
Monks
Name the 2 famous manuscripts in the Monastic Pharmacy
- De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the People)
- Causae et Curae
Abbot Odo in France
De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the People)
Abbess Hildegard in Germany
Causae et Curae
They separated the arts of apothecary and physician
The Arabs
TRUE OR FALSE. The Egyptians established the first apothecary shops
FALSE. The ARABS
Established in Baghdad (late 8th century) the 1st privately owned drugstore
The Arabs
The Arabs established in ______ (late 8th century) the 1st privately owned drugstore
Baghdad
treaties were more influential and authoritative in Europe
The Arabs
TRUE OR FALSE.
Developed more refined and elegant way of administering drugs
TRUE
Known as Avicenna by the Western world
Ibn Sina
Considered as occupational ancestors of pharmacists who est. their practice of preparation of more sophisticated medicines in Baghdad.
Arabs
Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, diplomat
Ibn Sina
What were Ibn Sina’s contribution to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine
His pharmacetuicals teachings
He issued the Magna Carta of 1240
Frederick II
THE “PERSIAN GALEN”
Avicenna
The Persian Galen
Ibn Sina
Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman Empire
Magna Carta of 1240
Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of public welfare service
Magna Carta of 1240
the ruler of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Frederick II
What are the two groups that collaborated to conceptualize the FIRST PHARMACOPEIA
Guild of Apothecaries
Medical Society
Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in ___ and _____
Sicily and southern Italy
TRUE OR FALSE
In the Magna Carta of 1240, the ff were the conditions:
- No limitation of the numbers of pharmacies
- Fixed the prices of remedies
- Did not require official supervision to pharmaceutical practice
- Made the use of prescribed formulary compulsory
- False. There is a limitation
- True
- FALSE. REQUIRED
- True
The First Official Pharmacopoeia originated from
Florence, Italy
The First Official Pharmacopoeia is also called as
Nuovo Receptario
written in ITALIAN
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus
Paracelsus (1493 –1541 A.D.)
The first official pharmacopeia was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in year what?
1498
Revolutionized Pharmacy on medicinal active “quintessence” from natural resources
Paracelsus (1493 –1541 A.D.)
transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical science such as minerals.
Paracelsus (1493 –1541 A.D.)
led to important discoveries in drug therapy
Paracelsus (1493 –1541 A.D.)
In 1617, he formed a separated company
Francis Bacon
Paracelsus transformed pharmacy from _____ science to _____ science such as minerals.
botanical to chemical science
Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London
The Society of Apothecaries of London
First organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon World
The Society of Apothecaries of London
Cradle of European professional pharmacy
Italy
State the 4 reasons why European world is indebted to Italy
- 1st professional European apothecary shop
- 1st post-antique antidotary
- 1st pharmacopoeia
- 1st real botanical garden
1st official pharmacopoeia of the European world
Ricettario Florentino
Book
digitalis, digoxin
Modern Age (18th century)
William Withering
Modern Age (18th century)
arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids
Modern Age (18th century)
Karl Scheele
Modern Age (18th century)
eradication of small pox
Modern Age (18th century)
Edward Jenner
Modern Age (18th century)
1.
iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)
French Pharmacists
Bernard Courtois
French Pharmacists
Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier
French Pharmacists
quinine, caffeine
Isolated alkaloids
French Pharmacists
hyoscyamine and atropine
German Pharmacists
Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger
German Pharmacists
flourine by electrolytic methods
French Pharmacists
Henri Moissan
French Pharmacists
Pierre Robiquet
French Pharmacists
codeine
French Pharmacists
Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for hemolytic streptococci
20th Century Scientists
Gerhardt Domagk
20th Century Scientists
Frederick Serturner
German Pharmacists
Isolated morphine, an alkaloid
German Pharmacists
salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco; aspirin and nicotinic acid production
German Pharmacists
Johannes Buchner
German Pharmacists
Arsphenamine –syphilis
20th Century Scientists
Paul Ehrlich
20th Century Scientists
insulin
20th Century Scientists
Frederick Banting & Charles Best
20th Century Scientists
penicillin
20th Century Scientists
Alexander Fleming
20th Century Scientists
streptomycin & neomycin
20th Century Scientists
Selman Waksman
20th Century Scientists
injectable vaccine for polio
20th Century Scientists
Jonas Salk
20th Century Scientists
oral vaccine for polio
20th Century Scientists
Albert Sabin
20th Century Scientists
A religious sect who cultivated herbs and supplied medicinal herbs around the world
Pharmacy in USA
The Shakers
Pharmacy in USA
Father of American Pharmacy
Pharmacy in USA
William Procter Jr.
Pharmacy in USA
advocated for prescription writing
Pharmacy in USA
John Morgan
Pharmacy in USA
first hospital pharmacist in America
Pharmacy in USA
Jonathan Roberts
Pharmacy in USA
America’s first Apothecary General; developed wholesaling and manufacturing business of drugs.
Andrew Craigie
introduced the use of medicine dropper; developed the apparatus for the administration of oxygen; invented glass ampules.
Pharmacy in USA
Stanislas Limousin
Pharmacy in USA
developed chemotherapy
Pharmacy in USA
Ernest Francois Auguste Forneau
Pharmacy in USA
- Est. an apothecary in Philadelphia
- Pioneered the pharmaceutical enterprise
- Practical training school for pharmacists
Christopher Marshall
Isolated oxygen, discovered chlorine and lactic acid
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
First President of the American Pharmaceutical Association
Daniel B. Smith
formerly fulfilled the role of albularyos
Babaylans
o Folk healers / witch doctors
o Relied on using plants (herbs), rituals or chants, and traditional methods of healing such as ”hilot” or massage
Albularyo / Arbularyo / Herbolaryo
Independently developed the diphtheria antitoxin
Emil von Behring and Emile Roux
Preparations in cold and hot water
Macerations
Preparations in oil of the curative plant parts
Infusions or decoctions
Preparation:_____ and some powders
Poultices
Preparations with a waxy base
Resinous plasters and salves
Preparation: a few empyreumatic products
Inhalationsand fumigations and
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they recognized three groups of natives working for the sick:
- the mediquillos (diminutive for medicos)
- the curanderos (curers)
- the herbolarios (curers using herbs)
(diminutive for medicos)
the mediquillos
the curanderos
(curers)
(curers using herbs)
the herbolarios
few doctors and pharmacists came to the Ph to practice their profession and they are called?
Facultativos
In 1843, the medical practice observed by the natives was recognized and allowed by ___ due to the lack of qualified personnel
Governor Francisco Alcala de la Torre
unqualified persons, allowed only to dispense simple medicines but not to compound Rx.
Botiquines
trained by foreign RPh , passed an examination conducted by the government and further issued a license
Farmaceutico de segunda clase
First university in the Philippines to offer the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy degree and licentiate in pharmacy in 1871 through the Dominican priests
University Of Santo Tomas
first Filipino pharmacist; one of the first graduates among the class of six at UST
Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
Father of Philippine Pharmacy”
Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
Dispensing pharmacist, botanist, an educator and a leader
Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
A missionary; first to make a written record of his findings on plants
Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios
A missionary;
* devoted his time studying medicinal plants for the sick
*authored Medicinas Caceras
Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, OP
Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, OP authored the ?
Medicinas Caceras
A missionary; authored Flora de Filipinas, a listing of some local medicinal plants
Fr. Manual Blanco, OSA
Fr. Manual Blanco, OSA authored what ??
Flora de Filipinas
First drugstore in the Philippines (1830)
Botica Boie
An establishment that served as a soda fountain and a drug company the the old Escolta in Manila
Botica Boie
Botica Boie was founded by a young physician-pharmacist
Dr. Lorenzo Negrao
The bowl with a snake coiled around it is called the _____ with the serpent of Epidaurus.
BOWL OF HYGEIA
What do you call the serpent in the bowl of hygeia
serpent of Epidaurus
one of the apparatuses used in extemporaneous compounding
MORTAR AND PESTLE
Found in prescription pads and principal display panel of ethical/prescription drugs.
Rx symbol
TRUE OR FALSE
Rx means recipe
TRUE
