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PH 173 lec > PH 173 2nd LE > Flashcards

PH 173 2nd LE Flashcards

1
Q

● Unicellular organism
● lowest form of animal life

A

PROTOZOANS

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2
Q

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

Class Lobosea

A

AMOEBA

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3
Q

Most important feature of AMOEBA (often referred to as false feet)

A

pseudopods

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4
Q

Two morphologic forms of pseudopods:

A

Trophozoites - Motile, reproducing, feeding stage

Cyst - Nonmotile, nonfeeding stage, stage infective for man

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5
Q

Genus of AMOEBA where Peripheral chromatin and chromatoid bodies are present?

A

Entamoeba

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6
Q

Genus of AMOEBA where Peripheral chromatin and chromatoid bodies are NOT present?

A

Endolimax or Iodomoeba

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7
Q

_____ is the morphologic conversion from the cyst form into the trophozoite form, occurs in the _____ area of the intestine

A

Excystation, ileocecal

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8
Q

Does Replication in AMOEBA only occur in the trophozoite form?

A

True

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9
Q

_____ is the morphologic conversion from trophozoites to cysts, occurs in the _______ when the environment becomes unacceptable for continued trophozoite multiplication

A

Encystation, intestine

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10
Q

Types of trophozoite form

A

Soft, liquid, or loose stool

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11
Q

SPECIES OF AMOEBA

A

E. histolityca
E. hartmanni
E. coli
E. polecki
E. nana
E. butschlii

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12
Q

Entamoeba histolytica
Trophozoite size

A

10-60 μm

15-20 μm commensal form

Over 20 μm invasive form

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13
Q

Motility of Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite

A

Progressive with hyaline, finger-like pseudopods

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Organ of Locomotion of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli

A

pseudopodia

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16
Q

Habitat of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli

A

large intestine

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17
Q

Modes of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli

A

Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces or fingers

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18
Q

Infective Stage of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli

A

Mature cyst

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19
Q

Diagnostic Stage of Entamoeba histolytica,
E. dispar,
E. coli

A

Cyst and trophozoite

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20
Q

Diagnostic Specimen of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli

A

Stool

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21
Q

Intestinal amebiasis, amebic colitis,
amebic dysentery, extraintestinal amebiasis
are caused by?

A

Entamoeba histolytica
and
Entamoeba coli

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22
Q

Treatments for
Asymptomatic
Entamoeba histolytica

A

P
D
M

Paromycin
Diloxanide furoate Metronidazole

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23
Q

Treatments for
Intestinal amebiasis by
Entamoeba histolytica

A

I
P
D

Iodoquinol
Paromomycin
Diloxanide furoate

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24
Q

Treatments for
Extraintestinal amebiasis caused by
Entamoeba histolytica

A

M
I

Metronidazole
Inidazole
+ symptomatic intestinal amebiasis treatment

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25
Q

Treatments for Human amebiasis (asymptomatic and noninvasive) caused by
Entamoeba dispar

A

Metronidazole

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26
Q

Treatments for Entamoeba coli

A

None
E. coli is considered a nonpathogen.

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27
Q

Prevention and Control for
E. histolytica
E. dispar
E. coli

A

Treating or boiling contaminated water with iodine crystals.

Water treatment including filtration and chemical treatment

Properly washing food products

Avoiding the use of human feces as fertilizer

Good personal hygiene and sanitation practices

Protection of food from flies and cockroaches

Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices

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28
Q

sole member of the class BLASTOCYSTEA

considered as a yeast

A

Blastocystis hominis

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29
Q

Size of Blastocystis hominis

A

5-30 μm Usual range,
8-10 μm

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30
Q

Shape of Blastocystis hominis

A

Spherical, oval

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31
Q

Is Blastocystis hominis motile or nonmotile?

A

nonmotile

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32
Q

Number of Nuclei of Blastocystis hominis and where is it located?

A

1, usually,
but 2-4 may be present.

Located in “rim” of cytoplasm.

In binucleated organisms, the 2 nuclei may be at opposite poles.

In quadrinucleated forms, the 4 nuclei are evenly spaced around periphery of cell.

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33
Q

the of Cell of __________ contains large central body, or “vacuole” with a thin band, or “rim” of cytoplasm around the periphery. Occasionally a ring of granules may be seen in cytoplasm and the cell appears to have a “beaded rim.”

A

Blastocystis hominis

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34
Q

CILIATES Move by means of hairlike cytoplasmic extensions called ___

A

cilia

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35
Q

One human pathogen of CILIATES is ____

A

Balantidium coli

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36
Q

Balantidium coli is One human pathogen of that belongs to _____

A

CILIATES

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37
Q

Organ of Locomotion of Balantidium coli

A

cilia

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38
Q

Habitat of Balantidium coli

A

large intestine

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39
Q

Mode(s) of Transmission of Balantidium coli

A

Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces or fingers

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40
Q

Infective Stage of Balantidium coli

A

Thick-walled cyst

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41
Q

Diagnostic Stage of Balantidium coli

A

Cyst and trophozoite

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42
Q

Diagnostic Specimen of Balantidium coli

A

Stool

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43
Q

Disease caused by Balantidium coli

A

Balantidiasis

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44
Q

Balantidiasis is caused by

A

Balantidium coli

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45
Q

Treatment for Balantidiasis includes:

A

O
I
M

Oxytetracycline
Iodoquinol
metronidazole

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46
Q

Prevention and Control for Balantidium coli:

A

Personal hygiene and proper sanitary conditions

Understanding the source
of infection

proper precautions should be exercised when handling and dealing with pigs and their feces

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47
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora belongs to _____

A

FLAGELLATES

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48
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora
Can be categorized into two groups:

A

Intestinal
Atrial

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49
Q

Movement of the flagellates is accomplished by the presence of whiplike structures known as _____ in their _____ form

A

flagella, trophozoite form

50
Q

Flagellates have finlike structure connected to the outer edge called ____

A

Undulating membrane

51
Q

______ is a rodlike support found in some flagellates

A

Axostyle

52
Q

Giardia lamblia
and Trichomonas vaginalis
are scientific names of ____

A

FLAGELLATES

53
Q

Organ of locomotion of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis

A

flagella

54
Q

Habitat of Giardia lamblia

A

small intestine

55
Q

Habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Male: genital tract, prostate and seminal vesicle

Female: vagina, cervix, urinary bladder

56
Q

Mode(s) of Transmission Giardia lamblia

A

Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces from animals or people

57
Q

Mode(s) of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Unprotected sex with a partner with trich

58
Q

Infective Stage of Giardia lamblia

A

Mature cyst

59
Q

No. of Nucleus of Trophozoite of E. Histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. coli, E. nana, and Iodamoeba butschlii

A

1

60
Q

Diagnostic Stage of Giardia lamblia

A

Cyst and trophozoite

61
Q

Diagnostic Stage of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trophozoite only

62
Q

No. of Nucleus of Cyst of E. Histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. nana, and Iodamoeba butschlii

A

4

63
Q

Diagnostic Specimen of Giardia lamblia

A

Stool

64
Q

No. of Nucleus of Cyst in E. coli

A

8

65
Q

Has fine granules and is usually evenly distributed and uniform in size

A

Trophozoites of E. histolytica, & E. hartmanni

66
Q

Diagnostic Specimen of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

-Spun urine
-vaginal discharges
-prostatic discretions

67
Q

Disease caused by Giardia lamblia

A
  • Giardiasis
  • traveler’s diarrhea
68
Q

Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • Persistent urethritis
  • persistent vaginitis
  • infant Trichomonas
    -vaginalis infection
69
Q

Treatment for
- Giardiasis
- traveler’s diarrhea

caused by Giardia lamblia:

A

M
T
N

Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide

70
Q

Treatment for
- Persistent urethritis
- persistent vaginitis
- infant Trichomonas
-vaginalis infection

caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

71
Q

Prevention and Control for Giardia lamblia

A

-Similar to E. histolytica

-Proper water treatment, including chemical therapy and filtration

-Guarding water supplies against contamination by potential reservoir hosts
Exercising good personal hygiene

-Proper cleaning and cooking of food

  • Avoidance of unprotected oral-anal sex
72
Q

Prevention and Control for Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • Avoidance of unprotected sex
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic men
  • Avoidance of sharing of douche equipment and communal bathing, close contact with potentially infective underclothing, toilet articles, and wet sponges
73
Q

Which amoeba do not have a cyst stage in their life cycle?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

74
Q

Causes flask-shaped ulcers with undermined edges in the intestine

A

Entamoeba histolytica

75
Q

Causes circular ulcers with a necrotic center and raised edges in the intestine.

A

Balantidium coli

76
Q

Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Naegleria fowleri

Are these AMOEBA pathogenic or not?

A

Pathogenic

77
Q

Pathogenic ciliate

A

Balantidium coli

78
Q

Amoebic infections are typically transmitted through ____

A

ingestion of contaminated food or water fecally contaminated containing with cysts.

79
Q

Amoebic infection Diagnosis is usually made by identifying _____ in stool samples using microscopy. Serological tests can also be used for diagnosis.

A

cysts or trophozoites

80
Q

Among the oro-intestinal flagellates, which of them are more clinically important than others due to their ability to cause gastrointestinal symptoms.

A

Giardia lamblia
and
Dientamoeba fragilis

81
Q

What is the typical diagnostic movement of Giardia lamblia trophozoite?

A

“falling leaf” or “tumbling” motility, characterized by rapid rotation and tumbling movements.

82
Q

Identify sources of specimens for:

  1. Giardia lamblia
  2. Trichomonas vaginalis
  3. Trichomonas tenax
A
  1. Stool specimen
  2. Genitourinary specimen (e.g., vaginal swab).
  3. Oral cavity specimen (e.g., mouthwash or oral swab).
83
Q

Which species have only the trophozoite stage in their life cycle?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
and
Trichomonas tenax.

84
Q

How do you differentiate among trophozoites of oro-intestinal flagellates?

A

based on their size, shape, motility, and presence of specific structures (e.g., flagella, axostyle).

85
Q

______is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica,

while _____ is typically caused by bacteria such as Shigella species.

A

Amoebic dysentery

bacillary dysentery

86
Q

in _____, the diarrhea is often less frequent but more severe, with the presence of “anchovy paste” or “currant jelly” stools.

A

amoebic dysentery

87
Q

_______ is a pathogenic amoeba that can cause a rare but severe brain infection called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

A

Naegleria fowleri

88
Q

________ can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious eye infection that can lead to vision loss. They are also opportunistic pathogens that can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals

A

Acanthamoeba species

89
Q

Explain how intestinal amoebiasis has an asymptomatic carrier.

A

These carriers harbor the parasite in their intestines without showing any symptoms of infection.
Asymptomatic carriers shed E. histolytica cysts in their feces, contaminating the environment and potentially transmitting the infection to others.

90
Q

Its peripheral chromatin is present. Finae, uniform granules and evenly distributed

A

E. histolytica, & E. hartmanni

91
Q

The Coarse granules of its peripheral chromatin are irregular in size and distribution but more uniform when compared to its trophozoites

A

E. coli cyst

92
Q

Parasites which are both trophozoites and cyst-stage have no peripheral chromatin

A

E. nana, & Iodamoeba butschlii

93
Q

The trophozoites of these parasites are small, discrete, and usually centrally located and eccentric

A

E. histolytica, E. hartmanni

94
Q

Entamoeba coli trophozoite and cyst (centrally located) has __________, discrete, usually eccentric karyosomal chromatin

A

Large

95
Q

Iodamoeba butschlii has large usually central karyosomal chromatin. Sourrounded by ____________________________

A

Refractile achromatic granules

96
Q

It has a large irregularly shaped blot-like karyosomal chromatin

A

E. nana trophozoites and cyst stage

97
Q

They are both closely similar in terms of the appearance of their nucleus, which appears to be finely granular

A

E. histolytica, and E. hartmanni trophozoites

98
Q

The chromatoid bodies of E. histolytica, and E hartmanni cysts are both ________ bars, with ___________ rounded ends

A

elongated, & bluntly

99
Q

The trophozoites cytoplasm of this parasite is coarse and often vacuolated

A

E. coli

100
Q

Endolimax nana trophozoite has ________ and vacuolated cytoplasm

A

Granular

101
Q

It does have granules but has no chromatoid bodies in its cytoplasm

A

Iodamoeba butschlii cyst

102
Q

Entamoeba coli cyst cytoplasm has chromatoid bodies with _______ with __________ ends

A

splinter like, and pointed

103
Q

There are RBC’s in its cytoplasm which are noninvasive but may contain bacteria

A

E. histolytica trophozoites

104
Q

The glycogen present in its cytoplasm usually diffuses and has a concentrated mass in its young cyst

A

E. histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. coli, and E. nana cysts

105
Q

Cytoplasm inclusions include the presence of bacteria

A

E. hartmanni and E. nana trophozoites

106
Q

Cytoplasm inclusions include the presence of bacteria, yeast, and other materials

A

E. coli and I. butschlii trophozoites

107
Q

Iodamoeba bütschlii has a _______ and ____________ mass of glycogen in its cytoplasm

A

Compact, Well-defined

108
Q

The motility of this parasite is progressive with hyaline, finger-like pseudopods

A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

109
Q

They are similar in shape in terms of their cyst stage (spherical)

A

E. histolytica, and E. hartmanni

110
Q

The shape of this parasite is usually spherical, sometimes oval, triangular, and other shapes

A

Entamoeba coli, and I. butschlii

111
Q

Entamoeba coli has ___________, nonprogressive with blunt ______________

A

Sluggish, Pseudopods

112
Q

It has a sluggish and usually nonprogressive motility

A

Iodomoeba butschlii trophozoite

113
Q

It has a spherical, ovoidal, or ellipsoidal shape

A

Endolimax nana

114
Q

Entamoeba histolytica size in terms of its cyst length is _______________

A

10-60 μm

115
Q

Entamoeba histolytica size in terms of its trophozoites length is ______________

A

10-20 μm

116
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni trophozoites size in terms of its length is ____________

A

5-12 μm

117
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni and Endolimax nana cyst size in terms of their length is ______________

A

5-10 μm

118
Q

This parasite has a 5-20 μm length in terms of its cyst stage

A

Iodamoeba bütschlii

119
Q

Iodamoeba bütschlii has a __________ length

A

8-20 μm

120
Q

The trophozoite form of E. nana has a ___________ in length

A

6-12 μm

121
Q

15- 50 μm is the average length of this parasite

A

E. coli trophozoite

122
Q
A

PH 173 lec (1 decks)

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