ph Flashcards
Which term describes a disorder present at and existing from the time of birth?
a. Anomaly
b. Inherited
c. Congenital
d. Developmental
ANS: C
A congenital disorder is present at and existing from the time of birth. An anomaly is a
marked deviation from normal that can be the result of congenital or hereditary defects.
Inherited disorders are caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup transmitted from parent
to offspring. Developmental disorders occur when failure or disturbances occur during the
complex series of cell division, multiplication, or differentiation.
Which term describes partial anodontia or the lack of one or more teeth?
a. Anodontia
b. Ankylosed
c. Hypodontia
d. Gemination
ANS: C
Hypodontia defines partial anodontia or the lack of one or more teeth. Anodontia is the
congenital lack of teeth. Ankylosed teeth are those fused to alveolar bone, usually retained
deciduous teeth. Gemination occurs when a single tooth germ attempts to divide, resulting in
the incomplete formation of two teeth.
Which epithelium-lined tract is a developmental anomaly located in the corners of the mouth?
a. Commissural lip pit
b. Angular cheilitis
c. Fistula
d. Congenital lip pit
ANS: A
Commissural lip pits are epithelium-lined blind tracts located in the corners of the mouth.
Angular cheilitis is often caused by Candida organisms. It appears as erythema or fissuring at
the labial commissures. A fistula is a drainage tract from an area of infection. A congenital lip
pit occurs near the midline of the vermilion border of the lip, and it appears as a depression.
The formation of dentin is termed
a. amelogenesis.
b. dentinogenesis.
c. dens in dente.
d. odontogenesis.
ANS: B
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin. Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. Dens in
dente is a developmental anomaly called a tooth within a tooth. Odontogenesis is tooth
development in the human embryo.
The first branchial arch divides into two maxillary processes and the _____ process.
a. mandibular
b. frontal
c. median nasal
d. globular
ANS: A
The first branchial arch divides into two maxillary processes and the mandibular process. The
frontal process is a structure above the first branchial arch. The median nasal process develops
from the frontal process. The globular process develops from the median nasal process.
The body of the tongue develops from the
a. frontal process.
b. first branchial arch.
c. second branchial arch.
d. third branchial arch.
ANS: B
The body of the tongue develops from the first branchial arch. The frontal process is above the
first branchial arch. The second and third branchial arches form the base of the tongue.
Which term defines the joining of two adjacent teeth by cementum only?
a. Twinning
b. Concrescence
c. Cementogenesis
ANS: B
Concrescence is the joining of two or more adjacent teeth by cementum. Twinning, or
gemination, occurs when a single tooth germ begins to divide, resulting in the incomplete
formation of two teeth. Cementogenesis is the formation of cementum. Fusion is the union of
two adjacent tooth germs.
Odontogenesis in the human embryo occurs at
a. 3 weeks.
b. 5 weeks.
c. 5 months.
d. 1 month.
ANS: B
Odontogenesis in the human embryo occurs at 5 weeks. The face begins proliferation and
differentiation at 3 weeks. Formation of hard dental tissues begins at 5 months. There is no
initial odontogenesis at 1 month in utero.
This patient exhibits an extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth caused by
the short lingual frenum. What condition is suspected?
a. Ankyloglossia
b. Frenectomy
c. Lingual thyroid
d. Total ankyloglossia
ANS: A
Ankyloglossia is an extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth caused by a
short lingual frenum. A frenectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove a portion of
the lingual frenum in the treatment of ankyloglossia. Lingual thyroid is a smooth nodular mass
at the base of the tongue posterior to the circumvallate papillae and near the midline. Total
ankyloglossia rarely occurs.
Clinically, the lingual thyroid nodule appears as a smooth nodular mass
a. at the base of the tongue posterior to the circumvallate papillae.
b. on the anterior ventral tongue.
c. on the lateral borders of the middle third of the tongue.
d. anterior to the circumvallate papillae.
ANS: A
Clinically the lingual thyroid nodule appears as a smooth nodular mass at the base of the
tongue posterior to the circumvallate papillae. The lingual thyroid nodule is not found on the
anterior ventral tongue. The lingual thyroid nodule is not found on the lateral borders of the
middle third of the tongue. The lingual thyroid nodule is not found anterior to the
circumvallate papillae.
The most common cyst observed in the oral cavity is caused by pulpal inflammation and is
called a(n) _____ cyst.
a. dentigerous
b. eruption
c. radicular
d. primordial
ANS: C
The radicular cyst is the most common cyst observed in the oral cavity. It is caused by pulpal
inflammation. A dentigerous cyst forms around the crown of an unerupted or developing
tooth. An eruption cyst is found in the soft tissue around the crown of an erupting tooth. A
primordial cyst develops in place of a tooth, usually the third molar or posterior to an erupted
third molar.
This unilocular radiolucency around the crown of an unerupted second premolar is most
likely a
a. normal developmental sac.
b. dentigerous cyst.
c. primordial cyst.
d. lateral periodontal cyst.
ANS: B
A dentigerous cyst is a well-defined unilocular radiolucency around the crown of an
unerupted tooth. A normal developmental sac has a much smaller radiolucency around the
crown. A primordial cyst develops in place of a tooth. The lateral periodontal cyst is most
often seen in the mandibular cuspid and premolar region.
The _____ is characterized by its unique histologic appearance and its frequent recurrence
rate.
a. radicular cyst
b. residual cyst
c. dentigerous cyst
d. odontogenic keratocyst
ANS: D
The odontogenic keratocyst is characterized by its unique histologic appearance and its
frequent recurrence rate. The radicular cyst is caused by pulpal inflammation. The residual
cyst remains after extraction of the tooth with the radicular cyst. The radicular cyst is left
behind and not removed. The dentigerous cyst is treated by complete removal of the cyst and
the tooth involved.
The lateral periodontal cyst occurs most often on the lateral aspect of a tooth root, which is
usually the
a. mandibular third molar.
b. maxillary premolars.
c. mandibular cuspid/premolars.
d. maxillary anteriors.
ANS: C
The mandibular cuspid/premolar area is the most common site for the lateral periodontal cyst.
The mandibular third molar is not the site for a lateral periodontal cyst. Maxillary premolars
are not the site for a lateral periodontal cyst. Maxillary anteriors are not the site for a lateral
periodontal cyst.
Radiographically, this radiolucent cyst is often heart shaped, caused by the anatomic Y shape
of the area. It is called the _____ cyst.
a. nasopalatine canal
b. median palatine
c. nasolabial
d. globulomaxillary
ANS: A
The nasopalatine canal cyst is often heart shaped. The median palatine cyst appears as a
well-defined unilocular radiolucency in the midline of the palate. The nasolabial cyst is a soft
tissue cyst with no alveolar bone involvement. The globulomaxillary cyst is a well-defined
pear-shaped radiolucency found between the roots of the maxillary lateral and cuspid.
The _____ cyst has a strong predilection for females.
a. lateral periodontal
b. nasopalatine canal
c. nasolabial
d. gingival
ANS: C
The nasolabial cyst has a strong predilection for females. The lateral periodontal cyst is most
often found in males. The nasopalatine canal cyst has a predilection for males. The gingival
cyst has no sex predilection.
Which is not true about the thyroglossal tract cyst?
a. It is found in individuals younger than 20 years.
b. No sex predilection exists.
c. Clinically, it is located below the hyoid bone.
d. Conservative nonsurgical treatment is sufficient.
ANS: D
Treatment of the thyroglossal tract cyst requires complete excision of the cyst and tract,
usually including part of the hyoid bone and muscle within the tract. The thyroglossal tract
cyst is found in individuals younger than 20 years. The thyroglossal tract cyst has no sex
predilection. Clinically, the thyroglossal tract cyst is located below the hyoid bone.
Which is not considered a pseudocyst?
a. Thyroglossal tract cyst
b. Static bone cyst
c. Simple bone cyst
d. Aneurysmal bone cyst
ANS: A
The thyroglossal tract cyst can be lined by various types of epithelia. The static bone cyst is
not lined with epithelium. The simple bone cyst is not lined with epithelium. An aneurysmal
bone cyst is a pseudocyst that contains blood-filled spaces surrounded by multinucleated giant
cells and fibrous connective tissue.
What is the pseudocyst filled with salivary gland tissue that may be an extension of the
sublingual gland?
a. Ranula
b. Static bone cyst
c. Lymphoepithelial cyst
d. Traumatic bone cyst
ANS: B
The static bone cyst is a pseudocyst filled with salivary gland tissue that may be an extension
of the sublingual gland. The ranula histologically is a mucocele or a mucous cyst. It occurs
unilaterally on the floor of the mouth and is caused by obstruction of the duct.
Lymphoepithelial cysts are not pseudocysts. They are commonly found in major salivary
glands. Traumatic bone cyst is a pseudocyst. Surgical intervention reveals a void within the
bone.
Total anodontia is often associated with a hereditary disturbance termed
a. taurodontism.
b. amelogenesis imperfecta.
c. ectodermal dysplasia.
d. cleidocranial dysplasia.
ANS: C
Total anodontia may be associated with a hereditary disturbance called ectodermal dysplasia.
Taurodontism is a genetic heterogeneous condition characterized by very large,
pyramid-shaped molars with large pulp chambers. Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of
inherited conditions affecting the enamel of teeth. In cleidocranial dysplasia, the patient has
numerous supernumerary teeth.
The most common supernumerary tooth is termed
a. distomolar.
b. mesiodens.
c. mulberry molar.
d. Turner tooth.
ANS: B
The mesiodens is the most common supernumerary tooth. The second most common
supernumerary tooth is the fourth molar or distomolar. The mulberry molar is seen in
congenital syphilis. A Turner tooth is a permanent tooth exhibiting enamel hypoplasia, the
result of infection of the deciduous tooth.
The supernumerary tooth in this illustration is
a. a mesiodens.
b. a dilaceration.
c. the result of twinning.
d. the result of gemination.
ANS: A
A mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth found between the maxillary central incisors.
Dilaceration is a sharp bend or curve in the root of a tooth. Twinning is when a single tooth
germ attempts to divide. Gemination is the same as twinning (i.e., a single tooth germ
attempts to divide).
Nonerupted supernumerary teeth should be extracted because of which risk?
a. Malignant tumor development
b. Cysts around the crowns
c. Internal resorption
d. Condensing osteitis
ANS: B
Nonerupted supernumerary teeth should be extracted because of the risk of developing cysts
around the crowns. Supernumerary teeth do not develop into malignant tumors. Internal
resorption is an inflammatory reaction in an erupted tooth. Condensing osteitis appears
radiographically as a radiopaque area near the apices of teeth and is thought to be a reaction to
low-grade infection.
For which condition would pulp vitality be nonvital?
a. Radicular cyst
b. Median mandibular cyst
c. Median palatal cyst
d. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
ANS: A
The radicular cyst occurs at the root of a nonvital tooth. Teeth surrounding a median
mandibular cyst would be vital. Teeth surrounding a median palatal cyst would be vital. In
periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia, all teeth are vital.
Dens in dente is a developmental anomaly often seen with
a. extra cusps.
b. a periapical lesion.
c. tuberculated premolars.
d. supernumerary roots.
ANS: B
Dens in dente is a developmental anomaly often seen with a periapical lesion. Dens
evaginatus is an accessory occlusal cusp found on mandibular premolars. Tuberculated
premolars occur when the mandibular premolars are affected with dens evaginatus. Dens in
dente does not exhibit evidence of supernumerary roots.
Which tooth is most commonly affected by dens in dente?
a. Maxillary central
b. Mandibular lateral
c. Maxillary lateral
d. A supernumerary tooth
ANS: C
The maxillary lateral is the tooth most commonly affected by dens in dente. The maxillary
central is not the most common tooth seen with dens in dente. The mandibular lateral is not
the most common tooth seen with dens in dente. A supernumerary tooth is not seen with dens
in dente.
Another name for dens invaginatus is
a. taurodontism.
b. dens in dente.
c. dens evaginatus.
d. enamel pearl.
ANS: B
Dens in dente is another name for dens invaginatus. Taurodontism is a developmental
anomaly in which teeth exhibit elongated large pulp chambers and short roots. Dens
evaginatus is a rare developmental anomaly in which an enamel cusp is found on the occlusal
surface of mandibular premolars. Enamel pearl or enameloma is a projection of enamel found
on the furcation area of maxillary molars.
The developmental anomaly seen in this radiographic image is
a. taurodontism.
b. mulberry molar.
c. supernumerary roots on the mandibular premolars.
d. dilaceration.
ANS: C
This radiographic image shows supernumerary roots on the mandibular premolars.
Taurodontic teeth, or bull’s teeth, show large pulp chambers and short roots, not seen in this
radiograph. Mulberry molars result from congenital syphilis. Small globules of enamel make
up the occlusal surface of the first molar. Dilaceration is a sharp bend or curve in the root.
This radiographic image clearly shows which developmental anomaly?
a. Dens in dente
b. Periapical pathology (PAP)
c. Caries
d. Open contacts
ANS: A
The radiograph shows dens in dente in a maxillary lateral incisor. PAP is associated with dens
in dente in this radiographic image, but it is not a developmental anomaly. Caries is not a
developmental anomaly. Open contacts are the result of the peg-shaped crown and do not
represent a developmental anomaly.
Enamel hypoplasia is the result of a disturbance of or damage to ameloblasts during enamel
matrix formation. Which is not be a factor?
a. Genetics
b. Ingestion of high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development
c. Vitamin deficiency during tooth development
d. Shingles
ANS: D
Shingles is caused by the herpes zoster virus and is seen in adults. Genetic problems do cause
enamel hypoplasia. High fluoride intake during tooth development does cause enamel
hypoplasia. Vitamin deficiency during tooth development does cause enamel hypoplasia.
The projection of white material seen at the furcation area in this maxillary molar is a
developmental anomaly. Which condition is suspected?
a. Dens evaginatus
b. Enamel pearl
c. Supernumerary cusp
d. Calculus
ANS: B
The enamel pearl is a projection of enamel caused by abnormal displacement of ameloblasts
during tooth formation. It is found near the furcation in maxillary molars. Dens evaginatus is
an accessory enamel cusp found on the occlusal surfaces of mandibular premolars. A
supernumerary cusp would be on or near the occlusal surface. Calculus is not a developmental
anomaly.
The pseudocyst seen in this radiographic image is surrounded by salivary gland tissue.
It is a(n) _____ bone cyst.
a. simple
b. Stafne
c. traumatic
d. aneurysmal
ANS: B
A Stafne bone cyst is a pseudocyst surrounded by salivary gland tissue. A simple bone cyst is
the same as a traumatic bone cyst and is characterized by a radiolucent lesion that scallops
around the roots of teeth. A traumatic bone cyst is the same as a simple bone cyst. An
aneurysmal bone cyst is a pseudocyst that consists of blood-filled spaces surrounded by
multinucleated giant cells and fibrous connective tissue.
The pear-shaped radiolucency observed in this radiographic image is most likely a _____ cyst.
a. radicular
b. globulomaxillary
c. lateral periodontal
d. nasopalatine canal
ANS: B
The globulomaxillary cyst is a pear-shaped radiolucency found between the roots of a
maxillary lateral and cuspid. The radicular cyst is a root end cyst found at the apex of a tooth
that is usually involved with caries. A lateral periodontal cyst is usually found between the
roots of the mandibular cuspid and premolar. The nasopalatine canal cyst is usually heart
shaped and found near the apices of the maxillary centrals, lingual aspect.
The deformity seen here with a bend in root apices is characteristic of
a. dilaceration.
b. gemination.
c. fusion.
d. concrescence.
ANS: A
Dilaceration refers to an abnormal curve or angle in the root. Gemination is when a single
enamel organ (tooth germ) divides partially. Fusion is the union of two normally separated
adjacent tooth germs. Concrescence is the union of two independently formed teeth by
cementum.
The cyst that appears in the bone in this radiographic image surrounds the fully formed crown
of an unerupted premolar.
The dental hygienist should refer to this as a(n) _____ cyst.
a. eruption
b. follicular
c. lateral periodontal
d. primordial
ANS: B
A follicular cyst, also called a dentigerous cyst, appears in the bone in this radiograph
surrounding a fully formed crown of an unerupted premolar. An eruption cyst is similar to a
follicular cyst but is found in the soft tissue around the crown of an erupting tooth. A lateral
periodontal cyst is seen most often in the mandibular cuspid and premolar area. It presents as
an asymptomatic, unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion located on the lateral aspect of
a tooth root. A primordial cyst develops in place of a tooth.
When two or more teeth are joined by cementum, as shown in this picture, it is termed
a. concrescence.
b. dilaceration.
c. enamel pearl.
d. gemination.
ANS: A
Concrescence occurs when two adjacent teeth are united by cementum. Dilaceration refers to
an abnormal curve or angle in the root. Enamel pearl is a small spherical enamel projection
located on a root surface. Gemination occurs when a single enamel organ (tooth germ) divides
partially.
Periapical radiographic examination reveals a well-defined unilocular radiolucency located in
the midline of the hard palate.
The diagnosis is _____ cyst.
a. nasolabial
b. globulomaxillary
c. branchial cleft
d. median palatine
ANS: D
A median palatine cyst is a well-defined unilocular radiolucency located in the midline of the
hard palate. A nasolabial cyst is a soft tissue cyst with no alveolar bone involvement. A
globulomaxillary cyst is a well-defined, pear-shaped radiolucency found between the roots of
the maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid. A branchial cleft cyst is located on the lateral neck at
the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
This patient is healthy with no history of local or systemic infection or disease. The patient’s teeth are caries free, as are all of the teeth of all of the patients who exhibit this defect. This is
characteristic of
a. fluorosis.
b. Hutchinson incisors.
c. a Turner tooth.
d. attrition.
ANS: A
Fluorosis occurs from ingestion of a high concentration of fluoride during tooth development.
The teeth affected by fluorosis are generally decay resistant. Hutchinson incisors are a result
of congenital syphilis. A Turner tooth is the result of infection from a deciduous tooth.
Attrition is the result of the wearing away of tooth structure during mastication.
When counting the maxillary anterior teeth of this adolescent patient, it appears that five are
present clinically, if the large tooth is counted as one. A radiographic image reveals that this
large central tooth has two roots.
This tooth demonstrates
a. geminism.
b. concrescence.
c. dilaceration.
d. fusion.
ANS: D
Fusion is the union of two normally separated adjacent tooth germs. Gemination is when a
single enamel organ (tooth germ) divides partially. Concrescence occurs when two adjacent
teeth are united by cementum. Dilaceration refers to an abnormal curve or angle in the root.
This enlargement on the lateral neck of this patient has been present for months and is slowly
increasing in size. It is painless and feels soft. Histologic examination shows this to be an
epithelium-lined sac filled with clear, yellow fluid. It is a _____ cyst.
a. thyroglossal duct
b. branchial
c. median palatine
d. globulomaxillary
ANS: A
A thyroglossal duct cyst appears on the lateral neck and slowly increases in size. It is painless
and feels soft. Histologic examination shows an epithelium-lined sac filled with clear, yellow
fluid. A branchial cleft cyst is located on the lateral neck at the anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle. A median palatine cyst is a well-defined unilocular radiolucency
located in the midline of the hard palate. A globulomaxillary cyst is a well-defined,
pear-shaped radiolucency found between the roots of a maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid.
This patient exhibits an accessory cusp located in the cingulum of the maxillary right lateral
permanent incisor. This can be diagnosed as a
a. talon cusp.
b. dens in dente.
c. taurodontism.
d. dens evaginatus.
ANS: A
A talon cusp is an accessory cusp located in the cingulum of a maxillary or mandibular
permanent incisor. A dens in dente is a developmental anomaly that results when the enamel
organ invaginates into the crown of a tooth before mineralization. Taurodontism is a term
used to describe a developmental dental anomaly in which the teeth exhibit elongated, large
pulp chambers and short roots. Dens evaginatus is an accessory enamel cusp found on the
occlusal tooth surface.
The radiographic image of this patient exhibits a biloculated, well-defined radiolucency lateral
to the tooth root. It is asymptomatic. This is a _____ cyst.
a. residual
b. follicular
c. lateral periodontal
d. primordial
ANS: C
A lateral periodontal cyst is named for its location. It presents as an asymptomatic
radiolucency located on the lateral aspect of a tooth root. A residual cyst is a radicular cyst
that remains after extraction of the offending tooth. A follicular cyst forms around the crown
of an unerupted or developing tooth. A primordial cyst develops in place of a tooth.
