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Soil Science > Pg 156-159 > Flashcards

Pg 156-159 Flashcards

1
Q

What soil structures have more porosity?

A

Crumby and granular (spheroids)

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2
Q

What is the ideal ratio of micro to macro pores in soil?

A

0.04236111111111107

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3
Q

What type of silicate is Olivine?

A

Ferro-magnesium silicate

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4
Q

What are two hydrated forms of Olivine?

A

Talc and serpentine

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5
Q

What is Tourmaline?

A

Boron-alumina silicate

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6
Q

What mineral is a source of Phosphorus?

A

Apatite

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7
Q

What minerals are sources of Potassium?

A

Biotite, Orthoclase

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8
Q

What minerals are sources of Magnesium?

A

Dolomite, Olivine

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9
Q

What minerals are sources of Calcium?

A

Anorthite, Dolomite

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10
Q

What mineral is a source of Boron?

A

Tourmaline

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11
Q

What mineral is a source of Molybdenum?

A

Olivine

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12
Q

What mineral is a source of Manganese?

A

Pyrolusite

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13
Q

What is the most resistant mineral to weathering?

A

Quartz

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14
Q

What is the order of mineral resistance to weathering (from most to least resistant)?

A

Quartz > Muscovite > Feldspar > Biotite > Calcite

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15
Q

What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

What is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?

A

Silicon

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17
Q

What is the most important silicate clay?

A

Phyllosilicate

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18
Q

What are the two types of sheets in silicate clay?

A

Silica-dominated and Aluminum/Magnesium-dominated

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19
Q

What is the structure of a silica-dominated sheet?

A

Tetrahedral

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20
Q

What is the structure of an Aluminum/Magnesium-dominated sheet?

A

Octahedral

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21
Q

What are the three groups of silicate clays based on sheet arrangement?

A

1:1 type, 2:1 type, 2:1:1 or 2:2 type

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22
Q

Give an example of a 1:1 type silicate clay.

A

Kaolinite

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23
Q

Give an example of a 2:1 type silicate clay.

A

Montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite

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24
Q

Give an example of a 2:1:1 or 2:2 type silicate clay.

A

Chlorites

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25
Q

What is the extra layer of Mg-dominated alumina sheet in 2:1:1 clays called?

26
Q

What are the two groups of silicate clays based on expansion?

A

Expanding and non-expanding

27
Q

Give examples of expanding type silicate clays.

A

Montmorillonite, Vermiculite

28
Q

Give examples of non-expanding type silicate clays.

A

Illite, Micas (Muscovite, Biotite)

29
Q

What is the most common Smectite in soils?

A

Montmorillonite

30
Q

What is the main characteristic of Vermiculite?

A

Limited expansion but high CEC

31
Q

Who is the father of soil taxonomy?

A

Dr. Guy D. Smith

32
Q

What is the primary basis for identifying soil classes in the 7th approximation?

A

Soil properties

33
Q

How many soil orders are there in the 7th approximation?

34
Q

What is the largest soil order in the world?

A

Inceptisols

35
Q

What is the second most abundant soil order?

36
Q

What soil order is known for its high content of expansive clay?

37
Q

What soil order is common in tropical rainforests and rich in iron and aluminum oxides?

38
Q

What soil order is known for its clay-enriched subsoil and high native fertility?

39
Q

What soil order is rich in organic materials and commonly known as peat or muck?

40
Q

What soil order is dominant in desert areas and has very low organic matter?

41
Q

What soil order is known as Podzol and found in cool, humid areas?

42
Q

What soil order is known as red clay soils and has low base saturation?

43
Q

What soil order is formed in semi-arid to semi-humid areas and has a high organic matter surface?

44
Q

What soil order is formed in volcanic ash and is highly fertile?

45
Q

What soil order is found in very cold climates and contains permafrost?

46
Q

What are the two major groups of land capability classification?

A

Lands suitable for cultivation and lands not suitable for cultivation

47
Q

How many land capability classes are there?

48
Q

Which land capability classes are suitable for regular cultivation?

A

I, II, III

49
Q

What is the main feature of Inceptisols?

A

Minimal horizon development

50
Q

What is the main feature of Entisols?

A

No profile development beyond A horizon

51
Q

What is the main feature of Vertisols?

A

High content of expansive clay, deep cracks

52
Q

What is the main feature of Oxisols?

A

High concentration of iron and aluminum oxides

53
Q

What is the main feature of Alfisols?

A

Clay-enriched subsoil, high native fertility

54
Q

What is the main feature of Histosols?

A

Organic-rich soils, low bulk density

55
Q

What is the main feature of Aridisols?

A

Very low organic matter, salt accumulation

56
Q

What is the main feature of Spodosols?

A

Accumulation of organic matter and aluminum oxides

57
Q

What is the main feature of Ultisols?

A

Red clay soils, low base saturation

58
Q

What is the main feature of Mollisols?

A

High organic matter surface, fertile

59
Q

What is the main feature of Andisols?

A

Formed in volcanic ash, high fertility

60
Q

What is the main feature of Gelisols?

A

Permafrost within two meters of the surface

Soil Science (5 decks)

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