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Pulmonary Function Test > PFT > Flashcards

PFT Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of ventilatory region

A

Deadspace Ventilation and effective alveolar ventilation

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2
Q

It occurs in a ventilatory region where gas exchange perfusion is not available.

A

Deadspace ventialtion

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3
Q

where gas exchange perfusion is available

A

effective alveolar ventilation

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4
Q

The volume of the conducting airways from the mouth/nose down to and
including the level of the terminal bronchiole

A

Anatomic deadspace

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5
Q

The volume of malfunctioning alveoli that are lacking normal gas distribution

A

Alveolar deadspace

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6
Q

The total volume of deadspace in the pulmonary system; consists of the
the sum of the anatomic and physiologic deadspace combined; may also referred as “functional deadspace”

A

Physiologic deadspace

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7
Q

Alveolar units where the quantity of ventilation exceeds the quantity of perfusion available; result in a partial deadspace ventilation effect

A

ventilation in excess of perfusion

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8
Q

It measures the volume of a subject’s conducting airways. This provides a measure of the subject’s anatomic deadspace volume

A

Fowler method

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9
Q

What are the equipment required in Fowler test

A

rapid-response gas analyzer for nitrogen and spirometer system. Nitrogen washout for frc determination or single-breath nitrogen elimination test.

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10
Q

Test administration step 1

A

Inhale and breathe 100 % O2 through single-breath O2 inspiration

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11
Q

With inspiration, the subject’s alveoli contain a mixture of

A

N2 and the inspired

02

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12
Q

The presence of N2 results from the preexisting

A

residual volume gas

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13
Q

It differs, however, in that it allows room air instead of 100% 02-to be inhaled for the test. The tracing and calculations are based on FEC02 values measured during exhalation

A

Carbon dioxide meter in spirometer

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14
Q

Bohr Equation

A

deadspace over tidal volume is equal to the quantity of FACO2 - FECO2 over FACO2

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15
Q

The equipment needed to perform the bohr test includes

A

a spirometer for measuring exhaled volumes, a Douglas bag for collecting and exhaled gas sample, a CO2 analyzer, and an end-tidal PCO2 analyzing system or equipment for arterial blood sampling and analysis.

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16
Q

what is the duration of collection time of exhaled gas in Bohr tests

A

5-10 minutes

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17
Q

What is the normal values of Vd/Vt

A

.20 and .40

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18
Q

It is what states that alveolar deadspace begins to develop measurably and that Vd increases to become greater than the Vdan.

A

Pathologic states

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19
Q

What are the normal values for VAeff

A

31/min to 81/min

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20
Q

Relative increase in Vaeff can lead to

A

Hyperoxia and hypocapnia

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21
Q

Decreases in VAeff can cause

A

Hypoxemia and hypercapnia

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22
Q

If a rapid, shallow breathing pattern is adopted by the subject, there will be relatively

A

more deadspace ventilation and less effective alveolar ventilation

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23
Q

If a slower, deeper breathing pattern is adopted by the subject, there will be relatively

A

less deadspace ventilation and more effective alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

Increase anatomic deadspace is caused by

A
  • Disorders that cause destruction or dilation of the airway walls (bronchiectasis) .

Breathing at a greater FRC level or with larger inspiratory volumes (air trapping/hyperinflation).

  • Bronchodilator agents.
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25
Q

Decrease anatomic deadspace is caused by

A

Disorders that cause constriction (asthma) or obstruction (carcinoma) of the airways

Bronchoconstrictor agents.

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26
Q

Caused of increased alveolar deadspace (2)

A

Loss of perfusion and Reduce perfusion

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27
Q

Caused of loss of perfusion

A

pulmonary emboli

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28
Q

Caused of reduce perfusion

A

Decrease cardiac output/hypotension

Pulmonary hypertension

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29
Q

Caused of ventilation in excess of perfusion

A

Alveolar septal destruction

Positive pressure ventilation

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30
Q

What region of the lungs does larger alveoli present and vice versa

A

upper region, lower region

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31
Q

What is the reason on why lung bases received more ventilation

A

Because of their small size

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32
Q

The alveoli in peripheral, outer lung tissue receive

A

more ventilation than alveoli deeper within the lung.

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33
Q

The result of more ventilation in bases of the lungs

A

This is the result of intrathoracic pressure relationships

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34
Q

The result of peripheral alveoli receiving more ventilation than alveoli deep within the lungs

A

intrapulmonary tissue force relationship

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35
Q

In normal ventilation, the greater part of inspiratory / expiratory volume exchange occurs in

A

Lung bases

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36
Q

Region of the lungs that are responsible for holding a larger portion of the FRC volume.

A

Upper lung region

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37
Q

Increased compliance is caused by what disease

A

emphysema

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38
Q

Decreased compliance is caused by what disease

A

fluid or exudate collecting in the alveoli or interstitial space
atelectasis
tumors
fibrotic pulmonary disorder

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39
Q

Decreases airway resistance due to partial obstruction is caused by

A

asthma
bronchitis
peribronchiolar and intrabronchiolar tumors

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40
Q

Check valve expiratory obstruction is caused by what disease

A

emphysema

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41
Q

It involves having the subject inhale a breath of 100% oxygen

A

single-breath nitrogen elimination test (SBN2) or single-breath oxygen test

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42
Q

Phase I

A

The initial 0.0% N, concentration measured during the emptying of the Vdan.

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43
Q

Phase II

A

It is the the rapid increase in % N2 that indicates the transition from Vdan to alveolar gas.

44
Q

Phase III

A

It is the relative % N2 plateau that results from the emptying of mixed gas from
the alveoli during expiration.

45
Q

Phase IV

A

It occurs toward the end of the expiration in most subjects. It is a relatively rapid
increase in % N2 from the Phase III plateau that continues with exhalation to the RV level.

46
Q

What are the equipments required for the SBN2 test

A

Gas analyzer for N2, spirometer system, a system for recording and producing tracing for the %N2 and Ve changes, and feedback system

47
Q

Test admin summary for SBN2

A

Nose clip on and take 2 deep breaths to TLC level without a pause at peak and exhale to RV level while maintaining a flow rate of 0.3-0.5 or 0.4 (ideal) 1/sec.

48
Q

What phase to determine Vdan by using fowler method

A

Phase II

49
Q

What phase to determine uniformity ventillation in the lung

A

Phase III

50
Q

_____Involves having the subject breathe the radioactive gas_____

A

Ventilation scans, Xenox 133

51
Q

It is made of the lungs during the breathing of the gas

A

scintiscan

52
Q

It is made to record the process and pattern of the distribution of the Xe’33
in the lungs.

A

Scintiphotograph

53
Q

These scans allow a visual evaluation of the distribution of ventilation in the
lungs.

A

Ventilation scans

54
Q

_____It involve the intravenous injection of a radioactively tagged substance_____

A

Perfusion scans, Iodine 131 and technetium 99

55
Q

What is the commonly used carrier in perfusion scans

A

Human albumin

56
Q

It is processed into_______ , or particles that are large enough to be caught and held in the _______.

A

microspheres, pulmonary capillary circulation

57
Q

A region of the lungs that demonstrates a perfusion defect but has normal ventilation is strongly indicative of what disease.

A

pulmonary embolism

58
Q

Subjects with______ often show matching ventilation and perfusion defects throughout the lung fields.

A

COPD

59
Q

The flow-volume loop is plotted with flow indicated on the________ and volume on the_______

A

vertical axis, horizontal axis

60
Q

T/F The PEFR is more easily read from a flow/volume loop than it is from a volume/time curve

A

T

61
Q

Pulmonary function studies are interpreted by comparing a_______ with what are predicted to be________

A

subject’s test values, normal values for that subject

62
Q

What parameter relates directly to changes in VC from volume spirometry. Evaluation of the flow-rate parameters below aids in disorder differentiation.

A

FVC

63
Q

What parameter relates to flow rates and disorders in the large, upper airways. Very effort-dependent. Also used to monitor asthma and bronchodilator therapy.

A

PEFR

64
Q

What parameter relate to flow rates and disorders in the large, upper airways. Still may be relatively effort-dependent.

A

FEV0.5, FEV1, FEF200-1200

65
Q

What parameter relate to flow rates and disorders in smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles. Some degree of effort-dependence remains

A

FEF2, FEF25%-75%

66
Q

What parameter relate to flow rates and disorders in smaller bronchioles. Little or no effort-dependence.

A

FEV3, FEF75%-85%

67
Q

What parameter relates to changes in both flow rates and lung volumes. Generally, opposite results are demonstrated between restrictive and obstructive disorders.

A

FEVt%

68
Q

what parameter relates most significantly to flow rates and disorders in the large upper airways.

A

FEFx%

69
Q

Examples of disease under pulmonary restrictive disorders

A

Interstitial Fibrosis, Vascular congestion, Pneumoconioses, Sarcoidosis

70
Q

Examples of Thoracic extrapulmonary restricted disorders

A

Kyphoscoliosis, Rheumatoid spondylitis

71
Q

Examples of abdominal extrapulmonary restricted disorders

A

Ascites, peritonitis, severe obesity

72
Q

Examples of neuromuscular defects extrapulmonary restricted disorders

A

Poliomyelitis. myasthenia gravis

73
Q

Reductions in lung volumes (FVC and FEVJ occur in subjects with________

A

restrictive disorders

74
Q

Most significant for making restrictive/obstructive differentiations are values for the______

A

FEVt%

75
Q

With restrictive disorders, FEVt%, values will often be_____ than predicted.

A

larger

76
Q

What parameter provides an additional resource for differentiating between restrictive and obstructive disorders.

A

RV, TLC, and RV/TLC% values

77
Q

_________generally produce decreased values in the most of the parameters measured during an FVC maneuver. These decreases are due largely to the_________ that occur with obstructive disorders.

A

Obstructive disorders, airflow limitations

78
Q

It provides a simple graphic representation of the parameters measured with forced expiratory and inspiratory VC maneuvers. More significantly, it also demonstrates a very characteristic shape in certain disorders.

A

Flow/volume loop

78
Q

It quantifies the degree of concavity that the middle portion of the MEPV curve may have toward the volume axis.

A

Angle Beta

79
Q

With a________ , the primary change is a decrease in_______ . The entire loop is displaced what direction to a lower level of lung volume

A

restrictive disorder, volume, downward

80
Q

In_________ the latter portion of the expiratory loop begins to take on a_________ appearance, This concavity is most pronounced in subjects with what disease because of their greater sensitivity to dynamic airway compression. The entire loop is displaced to a higher lung volume.

A

small airway obstruction, concave, emphysema

81
Q

What obstruction causes relatively equal decreases in both expiratory and inspiratory flow rates,

A

Fixed large airway obstruction

82
Q

Intrathoracic variable large airway obstructions cause a flattening of the caused_________ by the limitations of the______ flow. This flattening occurs because obstructions of this type are exposed to the same dynamic forces as the lungs themselves.

A

expiratory portion of a flow/volume loop, expiratory

83
Q

Extrathoracic variable large airway obstructions cause a flow limitation on________ , with a characteristic flattening of the________

A

inspiration, flow/volume loops inspiratory portion

84
Q

Comparing the_______ values may be helpful in evaluating upper airway obstruction. These values will be reduced almost equally with a fixed obstruction

A

FEF50% and FIF50%

85
Q

A________ will produce a greater decrease in the FEF50% value. A____________ will produce a greater decrease in the FIF50% value.

A

variable intrathoracic obstruction, variable extrathoracic obstruction

86
Q

Among subjects of the same gender,________ is the single greatest factor that affects pulmonary function.

A

height

87
Q

In______ , normal values are more directly related to height than to age.

A

children

88
Q

This is true until a height of approximately________ is reached.

A

60 inches (152 cm)

89
Q

The______ of the subject is sometimes taken into consideration along with the height. This is often done by using the value for the________ (BSA). The equation for calculating BSA is________ where the height (Ht) is in______ , the weight (Wt) is in______ , and the BSA is in______.

A

weight, subject’s body surface area, BSA= Ht^0.725 X Wt^0.425 X 0.007148, centimeters, kilograms, square meters

90
Q

With adult subjects, especially after the age of______, advancing age tends to have a deteriorating effect on normal. pulmonary function values. As age increases, normal values decrease for

A

25

Lung volumes (exceptions arc RV and FRC, which increase with advancing age).

  • Expiratory flow rates.
  • Diffusing capacity
91
Q

The gender of the subject affects predicted normal pulmonary function values. ________subjects tend to demonstrate greater___________ than_______ subjects of the same height and age.

A

Male, lung volumes, expiratory flow rates, and diffusing capacities, female

92
Q

When male and female subjects with the same predicted normal FVC values are
compared, the________ subject will have greater predicted values for_______

A

female, expiratory flow rates.

93
Q

What are the primary characteristics?

A

height, weight, age, gender

94
Q

what are the secondary characteristics

A

Race/ethnic origin, altitude, air pollution, and other environmental factors

95
Q

_______ subjects tend to demonstrate smaller predicted normal
values for a given height and age than subjects of______ origin.

A

Black and Oriental, European

96
Q

It should be noted, however, that values for_________ are the same for both black and European-descent subjects who have the same________ .

A

predicted expiratory flow rates, predicted FVC values

97
Q

Pollution caused by high levels of_______ (by-products of high-sulfur coal combustion) has been documented to cause deterioration in pulmonary function

A

“reducing”- type agents

98
Q

Equations for predicting “normal” pulmonary function parameters are based on the testing of populations of______

A

“normal” individuals

99
Q

Variables that must be controlled with pulmonary function testing to establish
normal values include the following:

A

The individual tested, the test procedures. the test equipment

100
Q

The equations used to predict normal pulmonary function values are referred to as

A

regression equations

101
Q

The equations used to predict normal pulmonary function values are referred to as_______

A

regression equations

102
Q

Two types of regression equation

A

linear, non-linear

103
Q

_______ are based on simple differences in gender, age, and height and offer relatively easy calculation of normal values.

A

Linear equations

104
Q

________ allow calculation of predicted normals over a wider and possibly nonlinear range. It also allows the inclusion of other physical characteristics, such as ________

A

Nonlinear equations, weight

Pulmonary Function Test (1 decks)

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