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PF Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

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2
Q

How does CSF pass from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

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3
Q

How does CSF pass from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?

A

Aqueduct

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4
Q

Structure that allows for communication between right and left brain

A

Corpus callosum

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5
Q

What lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

A

Medial border of parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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6
Q

What lobes do the lateral fissure separate?

A

Temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe

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7
Q

What lobes do the central sulcus separate

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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8
Q

Which lobe is folded deep within the lateral fissure?

A

Insula / Insular lobe

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9
Q

Which structure attaches the cerebellum to pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

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10
Q

Which nerve emerges between the pyramids and olives of the medulla?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

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11
Q

At which level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

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12
Q

At which level can CSF safely be sampled from?

A

L4-L5

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13
Q

List how many nerve roots there are in each:

  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
A 
C: 8
T: 12
L: 5
S: 5
C: 1
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14
Q

Is the grey/white matter peripherally/centrally located in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter: Centrally located

White matter: Peripherally located

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15
Q

Why is the arrangement of the spinal cord dangerous?

A

White matter contains neurones and injury to it causes loss to whole sensory feel whereas if grey matter was injured, it would only be the loss of a muscle movement.

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16
Q

Is the (i) dorsal/ventral horn of the (ii) white/grey matter (iii) sensory/motor?

A

Dorsal horn of grey matter is sensory;

Ventral horn of grey matter is motor

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17
Q

Is the (i) dorsal/ventral/lateral column of the (ii) white/grey matter (iii) sensory/motor/mixed?

A

Dorsal column of white matter is sensory,

Lateral column of white matter is mixed motor and sensory; Ventral column of white matter is mixed.

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18
Q

Name 2 similarities between the dorsal column pathway and anterolateral pathway

A
  1. Both have 3 neurons

2. Both relay in the thalamus and cross over to the opposite side of the brain

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19
Q

What does the dorsal column pathway detect?

A

Two point discrimination/Fine touch; Vibration and conscious position sense

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20
Q

Which is more medial in the dorsal column? Gracile or Cuneate?

A

Gracile

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21
Q

At the level of the medulla, has the neurons from the cuneate pathway crossed?

A

No

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22
Q

At the level of the medulla, has the neurons from the anterolateral tract crossed?

A

Yes (crossed at spinal cord level)

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23
Q

Name the two pathways to the cerebellum

A
  1. Dorsal spinocerebellar

2. Ventral spinocerebellar

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24
Q

From where does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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25
Q

From where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

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26
Q

If a person gets stabbed in the right abdomen, he loses:

  • pain sensation on the R/L?
  • proprioception on the R/L?
A

Pain sensation on the left foot;

proprioception on the right foot

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27
Q

What is the grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

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28
Q

What is periaqueductal grey?

A

PAG is the grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

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29
Q

Primary area of visual cortex + which lobe is it on?

A

Area 17, Occipital lobe

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30
Q

Association areas of visual cortex

A

Area 18, 19, 20 (recognising faces)

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31
Q

Where can the primary motor cortex be found?

A

Precentral gyrus

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32
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

Force, direction and speed of muscle contraction

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33
Q

Which cortex lies in front of the primary motor cortex?

A

Premotor cortex

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34
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

A

Preparation for action - posture and gait (Integration of spatial information and planned movement)

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35
Q

What is the function of the motor association cortex?

A

Organisation of complex movements

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36
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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37
Q

What divides the pre-central and post-central gyrus?

A

Central sulcus

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38
Q

What is the function of the association somatosensory cortex?

A

Awareness/perception in space

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39
Q

What does an injury to Broca’s area cause?

A

Expressive aphasia - language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor but comprehension is okay

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40
Q

What does an injury to Wernicke’s area cause

A

Receptive aphasia - hinders comprehension of spoken and written language - unable to understand meaningful language

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41
Q

Where is Broca’s area and where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Broca’s - Left Frontal lobe

Wernicke’s - Left cortex, at junction between the temporal and parietal lobe (behind the primary auditory area)

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42
Q

Define expressive aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia is caused by an injury to Broca’s area, resulting in a destruction of language and poor sentence construction, although the person has no issues with comprehension of language

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43
Q

Define receptive aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia is caused by an injury to Wernicke’s area, resulting in lack of comprehension of spoken and written language, as the person is unable to understand meaningful language.

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44
Q

Name the 9 thalamic nuclei

A
  1. Ventroposterolateral (VPL)
  2. Ventroposteromedial (VPM)
  3. Lateral geniculate
  4. Medial geniculate
  5. Ventroanterior
  6. Ventrolateral
  7. Anterior
  8. Dorsomedial
  9. Intralaminar
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45
Q

Which thalamic nuclei are involved in the communication with the somatosensory cortex?

A
  • Ventroposterolateral (VPL) - sensory from body

- Ventroposteromedial (VPM) - sensory from head

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46
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives sensory information from body?

A

Ventroposterolateral (VPL)

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47
Q

What does the VPL nucleus receive?

A

Somatosensory information from the body

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48
Q

What does the VPM nucleus receive?

A

Somatosensory information from the head

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49
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives sensory information from the head?

A

Ventroposteromedial (VPM)

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50
Q

Which structure of the thalamus is involved in the communication with primary visual cortex?

A

Lateral geniculate body

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51
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate body

A

Communication with primary visual cortex

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52
Q

Which structure of the thalamus is involved in the communication with auditory cortex?

A

Medial geniculate body

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53
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate body

A

Communication with the auditory cortex

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54
Q

Which nuclei are involved in connections with the motor cortex? (Which nuclei receive the motor feedback from the basal ganglia and cerebellum)

A

Ventroanterior & Ventrolateral nuclei

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55
Q

Where do ventroanterior and ventrolateral nuclei receive their input from + what type of input

A

Motor feedback; from basal ganglia and cerebellum

56
Q

Which thalamic nuclei is involved in memory/instinctive behaviour with connection to the limbic system?

A

Anterior

57
Q

Which thalamic nuclei is involved in emotional/subjective responses, connecting prefrontal, hypothalamus and other thalamus nuclei?

A

Dorsomedial

58
Q

Which thalamic nuclei is involved in pain/arousal, receiving from the reticular system and pain pathways?

A

Intralaminar nucleus

59
Q

Where does crossing over of the corticospinal tract take place?

A

Lower medulla

60
Q

Name 4 descending tracts

A
  1. Corticospinal tract
  2. Tectospinal tract
  3. Reticulospinal tract
  4. Vestibulospinal tract
61
Q

Where does the following tracts descend from?

  1. Reticulospinal
  2. Tectospinal
  3. Corticospinal
  4. Vestibulospinal
A
  1. Reticulospinal - from pons
  2. Tectospinal - from midbrain
  3. Corticospinal - from cerebral cortex
  4. Vestibulospinal - from medulla
62
Q

Which areas of the motor cortex can the corticospinal tract be found in?

A

Primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area

63
Q

Which descending tract is found in the primary motor cortex?

A

Corticospinal tract

64
Q

Which descending tract is found in the premotor cortex?

A

Reticulospinal tract

65
Q

Name the components of the basal ganglia (x5)

A
  1. Putamen
  2. Globus pallidus
  3. Caudate nucleus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
66
Q

Which structure forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

67
Q

Is the putamen medial/distal to the globus pallidus

A

Distal

68
Q

What does the putamen and the globus pallidus form?

A

Lenticular nucleus

69
Q

From where does the putamen receive its input from?

A

Motor cortex

70
Q

What does disorders of the basal ganglia result in?

A

Uncontrolled changes in muscle tones and involuntary movements

71
Q

How can Parkinsons’ disease be identified?

A

Loss of substantia nigra which releases dopamine

72
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Flocculonodular
  3. Posterior
73
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

74
Q

Name the nerves that carry somatic motor fibres (x4) and state what each supplies

A

CN III - extraocular muscles of the eye except (LR & SO)
CN IV - Superior Oblique muscle of the eye
CN VI - Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye
CN XII - Muscles of the tongue

75
Q

Name the nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres (x4) and state its nucleus

A

CN III - Edinger-Westphal nucleus
CN VII - Superior salivatory nucleus
CN IX - Inferior salivatory nucleus
CN X - Dorsal nucleus of Vagus

76
Q

What does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus supply?

A

Pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle

77
Q

What does the Superior salivatory nucleus supply?

A

Submandibular/Sublingual/Pterygopalatine glands

78
Q

What does the inferior salivatory nucleus supply?

A

Parotid gland

79
Q

What does the dorsal nucleus of vagus supply?

A

Glands and smooth muscle of viscera- heart, airways, lungs and GI tract

80
Q

Name the cranial nerves with branchiomotor fibres (x5)

A

CN V, VII, IX, X, XI

81
Q

Name the 3 main trigeminal nerve nuclei

A
  1. Mesencephalic nucleus
  2. Principal nucleus
  3. Trigeminal Spinal nucleus
82
Q

Function of the principal nucleus

A

Discriminative touch and vibration

83
Q

Function of the mesencephalic nucleus

A

Receives proprioceptive info/jaw jerk reflex

84
Q

Which cranial nerves give input to the nucleus of tractus solitarius?

A

CN VII, IX, X

85
Q

Which cranial nerves give input to the commissural nucleus?

A

CN IX, X

86
Q

Features of frontal lobe damage (x5)

A
  • Personality changes
  • Deficits in planning
  • Perseveration
  • Primitive reflexes
  • Abulia (slowing of intellect)
87
Q

Where is the primary auditory area found?

A

Temporal lobe

88
Q

Where is the cerebellum found?

A

Posterior cranial fossa, beneath the tentorium cerebelli

89
Q

Where does each cerebellar peduncle come from?

  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
A
  • inferior ascends from medulla
  • middle enters from pons
  • superior pass from cerebellum to midbrain
90
Q

What do lesions to the inferior olivary nucleus result in?

A

Decreased ability to perfect highly specialised motor tasks

91
Q

Give 3 functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. Regulates the quality of movement
  2. Plans and coordinates fine, skilled movement by storing learned motor programmes
  3. Integrates balance information and co-ordinates muscle activation - responsible for equilibration
92
Q

Where does the facial motor nucleus lie?

A

Pons

93
Q

Where do the parasympathetic neurons of the facial nerve lie in?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus

94
Q

What does the efferent and afferent branch of CN VII carry?

A

Efferent carries branchiomotor + parasympathetic fibres; Afferent carries sensory (taste fxns)

95
Q

What does lesion in each result in:

  • Lower motor neurone
  • Upper motor neurone
A

Lesion in lower motor neurone results in upper and lower face weakness on the ipsilateral side;
Lesion in upper motor neurone results in lower face weakness on the contralateral side

96
Q

From where do branchiomotor fibres of CN IX and CN X arise?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

97
Q

Source of parasympathetic fibres in CN IX to otic ganglion

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

98
Q

What does the inferior salivatory nucleus give?

A

It is the source of parasympathetic fibres for CN IX to the otic ganglion

99
Q

What is CN X’s parasympathetic nucleus?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus

100
Q

Name the 3 bones present in the ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

101
Q

Components of the external ear (x2)

A

external auditory meatus

tympanic membrane

102
Q

Components of the middle ear (x2)

A

oval window

round window

103
Q

Components of the inner ear (x7)

A 
semicircular ducts
utricle
saccule
helicotrema
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media (cochlear duct)
104
Q

What is the point of connection between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?

A

Helicotrema

105
Q

Auditory pathway

A

(ECOLI MT)

  • CN VIII
  • Cochlear nucleus (dorsal and ventral cochlea)
  • Superior Olivary nucleus
  • Lateral lemniscus
  • Inferior colliculus
  • Medial geniculate body of thalamus
  • Superior Temporal gyrus
106
Q

Function of inferior olivary nuclei

A

Involved with the cerebellar motor-learning and function

107
Q

Function of superior olivary nuclei

A

Part of the auditory system, receives sound information and localizes it

108
Q

Where did the lesion occur if patient loses hearing bilaterally?

A

Higher levels (i.e. brainstem / thalamus / cortex)

109
Q

Name the 3 semicircular ducts and 2 associated sacs

A

Anterior, Posterior, Lateral

Utricle, Saccule

110
Q

What is macula? + function

A

Sensory plaque found in saccule and utricle that detects linear acceleration/head position

111
Q

What is the centre of macula lutea known as?

A

Fovea centralis

112
Q

What is the fovea centralis characterised by? (x5)

A
  • Lack of blood vessels
  • Absence of bipolar cells
  • Absence of rods; High concentration of cones
  • Absence of ganglion cells
    All of these features contribute to the acuity of central colour vision
113
Q

What’s absent in the optic disk?

A

Receptors (i.e. rods and cones)

114
Q

Where is the posterior chamber found?

A

Between the lens and iris

115
Q

Which structure is found between the lens and iris?

A

Posterior chamber

116
Q

Where is the anterior chamber found?

A

Between the cornea and lens

117
Q

Where is aqueous humour produced?

A

Ciliary body

118
Q

Which part of the ventricular system is closest to the optic radiations?

A

Lateral ventricle

119
Q

Which thalamic structure is involved in the visual pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate body

120
Q

What does a lesion in the center of the optic chiasm result in?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

121
Q

What does a lesion in the right optic nerve lead to?

A

Monocular blindness in the right eye

122
Q

What does a lesion in the right optic tract lead to?

A

Homonymous hemianopia (each eye can’t see its left side)

123
Q

What does a lesion in the right Meyer’s loop result in?

A

Upper quandrantanopia (Loss of left upper visual)

124
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sightedness; Able to focus on near objects but unable to focus on distant objects

  • Eyeball is relatively too long
  • treatment: Concave lens to diverge light
125
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sightedness; Unable to focus on near objects but able to focus on distant objects

  • Eyeball is relatively too short
  • Treatment: Convex lens to converge light
126
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Gradual loss of accommodation as the lens are less elastic and ciliary muscles get weaker
Treatment: Convex lens to converge light

127
Q

What is the difference between the optic nerve and optic tract?

A

One has only ipsilateral vision while the other has both ipsilateral and contralateral vision

128
Q

Which sulcus is the primary visual cortex found (concentrated) on?

A

Calcarine sulcus

129
Q

What are enlargements of the subarachnoid space called? What do they contain?

A

Cistern; CSF flows through them

130
Q

What is the pathway used to transmit information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

A

Cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract

131
Q

Briefly describe the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract

A
  1. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons
  2. The pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle
132
Q

Where do vestibular inputs go?

A

Into the flocculonodular lobe

133
Q

Name the 3 nuclei involved in vestibular output

A
  1. Fastigial nuclei
  2. Dentate nuclei
  3. Vestibular nuclei
134
Q

Does the cerebellum control functions on the ipsilateral / contralateral side?

A

Ipsilateral

135
Q

How does cerebellum control functions on the ipsilateral side?

A

Neurons travel from the dentate nucleus and synapse in the contralateral thalamus, travelling to the contralateral cerebral cortex. The corticospinal tract is activated, in which neurons travel down and crosses in the medulla before entering the spinal cord, resulting in the control of the ipsilateral side as the cerebellum.

136
Q

Symptoms of disease of cerebellum (x4)

A
  1. Symptoms are ipsilateral
  2. Disturbed balance - staggering gait (alcohol acts on cerebellum)
  3. modified muscle tone (hypotonia)
  4. poor coordination of movement
137
Q

Function of the flocculonodular lobe

A

Helps maintain balance

NEURO (3 decks)

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