Petroleum Industry Flashcards
This encompasses the activities of exploring, extracting, refining, transporting, and marketing crude oils, natural gases, and petroleum products.
Petroleum Industry
A liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various porous rock formations in Earth’s crust and is extracted for burning as fuel or for processing into chemical products.
Crude oil
a fossil fuel energy source containing hydrocarbons, which were formed millions of years ago from the remains of plants and animals built up in thick layers on the earth’s surface and ocean floors
Natural Gas
It is the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc. so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.
Hydraulic Fracturing
It is a process used to separate a mixture of liquids into its individual components based on differences in their boiling points.
Fractional Distillation
What are the 3 segments of Petroleum Industry
Upstream Exploration and Production
Midstream Transportation
Downstream Refinement and Sales
What happens during the UPSTREAM process?
Finds reservoirs and drills oils and gas wells
* Search & Exploration
* Well Construction
* Hydraulic Fracturing
This is a method used to extract natural gas and oil from deep rock formations where drilling operators force water, sand, and a mix of chemicals into horizontallydrilled wells, causingthe shale to crack and release naturalgas or oil.
Hydraulic Fracturing
What happens during the MIDSTREAM process?
- Treating to remove impurities and produce pipeline-quality natural gas
- Storing of crude oil, NGLs, and pipeline-quality natural gas
- Transportation of crude oil from oilwells to refineries (pipeline,rail,truck, barge. etc.)
- Marketing of pipeline quality natural gas, NGLs, and crude oi
What happens during the DOWNSTREAM process?
Transforms crude oil into familiar products like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil. The separation of gases happens through fractional distillation
What happens in fractional distillation?
Inside the distillation columns, the liquids and vapors separate into petroleum components, called fractions, according to their boiling points.
Examples of lightest fractions
gasoline and liquefied refinery gases
vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they
condense back to liquids.
Examples of Medium weight liquids
kerosene and distillates, stay in the middle of the distillation tower
Examples of Heavier liquids
gas oils
separate lower down in the distillation tower, and the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower.
What is the basic principle of fractional distillation?
The basic principle of this type of distillation is that different liquids boil and evaporate at different temperatures.
The equilibrium vapor pressure which is exerted by a component in a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the solution
Raoult’s Law
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
Dalton’s Law
After distillation, heavy, lower-value distillation fractions can be processed further into lighter, higher-value products such as gasoline through _______________.
cracking
What are examples of refined petroleum products
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- Kerosene
- Naphtha
- Diesel oil
- Lubricating oil
- Bitumen
- Jet Engine oil
It is commonly is used as fuel for gas barbecue grills and gas cooktops and ovens, for gas fireplaces, and in portable heaters
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Used as an oil in central heating systems and can be used as a cleaning agent. A major component of aviation fuel, making up more than 60% ofthe fuel.
Kerosene
Also used to make varnishes, and sometimes is used as a fuel for camp stoves and as a solvent or diluent for paint.
Naphtha
heavier and less volatile than gasoline.
Diesel oil
It is used in automotive, hydraulics, industrial gears, turbines, and compressors
Lubricating oil
Used in road construction, waterproofing, roofings, and coatings
Bitumen
GREEN CHEMISTRY practices in the petroleum industry
- Carbon Capture Utilization & Storage
- Renewable Energy Resources
- Bio-based feedstock
- Circular economy
- Energy efficiency improvement
What the Instrumentations in Petroleum Industry
- Gas Chromatography
- Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- Near IR analysis
- 2D Liquid Chromatography
What are the challenges in Petroleum Industry?
- Environmental concerns
- High Operational Costs
- Pricing Volatility
