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petroleum geology > petroleum exploration and methods > Flashcards

petroleum exploration and methods Flashcards

1
Q

use of satellites or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects

A

remote sensing

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2
Q

data that uses range of wavelength

A

spectral data

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3
Q

similar data produced by aerial photraphy

A

photogeologic data

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4
Q
  • gravity used to define regional tectonic regime to prioritize areas for seismic work and to obtain data in inaccessible terrain
  • low cost compared to seismic but also yield low res and ambiguous results
A

gravimetric data

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5
Q

anomalies caused by heterogenous distribution of rocks of different densities

A

gravity anomalies

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6
Q

strength of the response of the rock to an imposed magnetic field

A

magnetic susceptibility

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7
Q
  • can be collected in areas not easily accessible
  • used to separate basin from non basins areas, define the shape of the basin and locate the major teconic features within the basin
A

magnetic data

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8
Q

the shallowest magnetic rocks in the subsurface are nearest to the magnetometer and will generate the strongest anomalies

A

yas

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9
Q

3 types of rocks based on magnetivity

A
  • diamagnetic - repulsive force to magnetic field
  • paramagnetic - magnetic substances are attracted to mag fields
  • ferromagnetic - pronounced magnetic properties
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10
Q

reflection generates seismic waves and measures time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers

A

seismic reflection

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11
Q

body waves

A

P-waves

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12
Q

surface waves

A

S-wave

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13
Q

wave emanating from the surface reaches a boundary between two media that have different acoustic independence, some of the energy is reflected back into the upper medium and some may bre fefracted along the interface between two media or to low medium

A

reflection seismology

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14
Q

ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave

A

reflection coefficient

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15
Q

travel time from the surface to reflector and back

A

two way time

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16
Q

electro-hydraulic vibrator, sweep frequency waveform of several seconds, long sinusoidal wave train may exceed 10 milliseconds, 6-60hz

A

vibroseis

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17
Q

generates a sharp pulse with a very wide bandwidth, land source, 5-50 lbs charges, drilled holes to base of weathered layer (30-60 ft)

A

dynamite source

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18
Q

land, electromechanical transducer w/ moving coil

A

geophones

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19
Q

airgun, bubble pulse successive smaller pulses after main source wavelet, use tuned air guns, water gun source

A

marine sources

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20
Q

water, pressure sensitive hydrophone, piezoelectric effect produce voltage proportional to seismic pressure wave, +ve voltage output when pressure applied = -ve amplitude

A

hydrophone

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21
Q

an energy pulse is sent to the subsurface layers and reflected waves are picked by the hydrophones contained in a streamer towed by the survey vessel

A

Seismic 2D survey

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22
Q

a multi-streamer array is towed by the seismic ship, acquiring overlapping swaths of data over the entire survey area

A

seismic 3D survey

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23
Q

waves that induces changes in volume and shape of a body

A

p-waves

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24
Q

waves that induces changes in the shape of the body but not the volume

A

s-waves

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25
Q

measure of compressability, stress-strain ration for hydrostatic pressure

A

bulk modulus

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26
Q

rigidity, stress-strain ratio for shear deformation

A

shear modulus

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27
Q

normal polarity

A 
increase impedance (peak or positive)
decrease impedance (trough or negative)
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28
Q

seismic response to impedance contrast accross geological boundaries

A

reflections

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29
Q

impedance contrast depends on

A

stacking and migration

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30
Q

cases where 2D data are used

A 
frontier area
old pools
difficult terrain
tie lines
testing new seismic acquisition
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31
Q

formation tops or sequence boundaries or unconformities

A

horizons

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32
Q

displacement along a shear surface

A

fault

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33
Q

indication of faults

A

reflection cut-offs
changes in amplitude or reflection character
fault-plane reflectors
linear amplitude anomalies on timesclices

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34
Q

on what direction is best to pick a fault

A

dip direction

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35
Q

direction of line formed by intersection of inline plane with imaginary horizontal plane

A

strike

36
Q

angle of inclined plane below imaginary plane measured perpendicular to the strike

A

dip angle

37
Q

a character of a group of reflections involving the general amplitude, abundance, continuity, and configuration of reflections

A

seismic facies

38
Q

hollow steel tube with a roatting bit on the end

A

drill string

39
Q

how many rotating cones does a common bit have?

A

3

40
Q

pumped out at the drill string, squirting out through nozzles in the bit and flowing up to the surface between the drill string and the wall of the hole

A

mud or water

41
Q

circulations of the drilling mud functions as:

A
  • removes rock cuttings from the bit
  • removes cavings from the borehole
  • it keeps the bit cool
  • it keeps the hole safe
42
Q

uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling

A

gusher

43
Q

a series of valves used as a sealing to the well to prevent gushing

A

blow out preventors (BOP)

44
Q

a square section steel member hanging that is suspended vertically on the kelly bushing

A

kelly

45
Q

a square hole in the center of the rotary drill

A

kelly bushing

46
Q

drilling unit used at water depths up to 100 m, derrick is mounted on a flat bottom barge fitted with legs that can be raised or lowered

A

jack-up rigs

47
Q

platforms mounted on hallow caissons which can be flooded with sea water and can be sunk to sea bed suitable for shallow water

A

submersible unit

48
Q

derrick is mounted amidships and the ship kept on location using anchors or propellers

A

drill ship

49
Q

floating platforms having three or more floodable caisson legs and stabilized with the aid of anchors or flooding of the legs with the rotary table 30m or so above the sea, self-propelled or towed from one location to another

A

semi-submersible unit

50
Q

vertical assembly of valves with gauges and chokes that allow for adjustments in flow control as well as injections to stimulate production.

A

Christmas tree

51
Q

installed at the well head or down hole pump installation, if the reservoir is too low

A

nodding donkey

52
Q

production facilities

A

floating buoy
floating production platforms
fixed production platforms

53
Q

well log or wire line

A

wireline geophysical well log

54
Q

provide early warnings of rock type, HC saturation and potential perilous zones

A

MWD - measurement while drilling

55
Q

data read while LWD tools are still in the borehole

A

real time data

56
Q

complete measurement results, which are downloaded from LWD tools after they are pulled out of hole

A

memory data

57
Q

study of fossil pollen

A

palynology

58
Q

study of microfossils such as forams and cocolithophores

A

micropaleontology

59
Q

operational uses of biostratigraphy

A
  1. geological monitoring
  2. horizon/zone identification (geostopping)
  3. biosteering
60
Q

exploration processes

A
  1. basin analysis
  2. exploration play area definition
  3. prospect evaluation
  4. drillable prospect evaluation
  5. drilling of exploration well
61
Q

group of plays within a given geographical area having a common source rock

A

petroleum system

62
Q

geographically and sratigraphically delimited area where common geological factors exist in order that petroleum accumulation can occur

A

play

63
Q

a trap with reservoir rock in which HC have been predicted to exist

A

prospect

64
Q

a hint that a potential is present, data is not sufficient to fully map it

A

lead

65
Q

area within the basin where the specific geological attributes necessary for the existence of a HC accumulation exist

A

play fairway

66
Q

those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recovered from known accumulations from a given date forward

A

reserves

67
Q

quantities of petroleum which are estimated, on a given date, to be potentially recoverable from known accumulations from a given date forwa, but which are not currently considered to be commercially recoverable

A

contingent resources

68
Q

quantities of petroleum which are estimated, on a given date, to be potentially recoverable from undiscovered accumulations

A

perspective resources

69
Q

refers to the total amount of oil present in the field before production has started

A

STOOIP (stock tank oil originally in place)

70
Q

STOOIP formula

A

STOOIP = rock volume x net to gross factor x porosity x oil/gas saturation divided by oil formation volume factor

71
Q

hydrocarbon expand as they are produced because surface pressures are lower than reservoir pressures, which increases the recoverable reserves

A

remember

72
Q

no. of wells drilled from 1973-2018

A

281

73
Q

most prolific well in the phiippines

A

NW Palawan

74
Q

1st well to be drilled in the Philippines?

A

Toledo-1 well in cebu, 1986

75
Q

contract area of PD no. 87?

A

OFFSHORE - 800-15,00 sq km

ONSHORE - 500-7,500 sq km

76
Q

contract term of PD no. 87

A

7 yrs - exploration + 3 yrs extension

25 yrs - production + 15 yrs extension

77
Q

government share in the PD no. 87

A

60%

78
Q

malampaya already produced ?

A

60% (1.94 Tcf) of its total capacity

79
Q

total oil production of the philippines

A

76.7 MMbbls

80
Q

total condensates produce by the philippines

A

75 MMbbls

81
Q

total gas produced by the philippines

A

1.94 Tcf

82
Q

Ways to view 3D seismic data

A
  • inline
  • crossline
  • arbitrary line
  • timeslice
83
Q

Identifying horizons and fault

A

Sesimic interpretation

84
Q

Recorded curve from a single seismograph when measuring ground movement

A

Seismic trace

85
Q

Tracking fault surfaces on individual lines from 2D to 3D

A

Fault picking

petroleum geology (3 decks)

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