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petroleum exploration and methods Flashcards

1
Q

use of satellites or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects

A

remote sensing

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2
Q

data that uses range of wavelength

A

spectral data

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3
Q

similar data produced by aerial photraphy

A

photogeologic data

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4
Q
  • gravity used to define regional tectonic regime to prioritize areas for seismic work and to obtain data in inaccessible terrain
  • low cost compared to seismic but also yield low res and ambiguous results
A

gravimetric data

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5
Q

anomalies caused by heterogenous distribution of rocks of different densities

A

gravity anomalies

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6
Q

strength of the response of the rock to an imposed magnetic field

A

magnetic susceptibility

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7
Q
  • can be collected in areas not easily accessible
  • used to separate basin from non basins areas, define the shape of the basin and locate the major teconic features within the basin
A

magnetic data

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8
Q

the shallowest magnetic rocks in the subsurface are nearest to the magnetometer and will generate the strongest anomalies

A

yas

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9
Q

3 types of rocks based on magnetivity

A
  • diamagnetic - repulsive force to magnetic field
  • paramagnetic - magnetic substances are attracted to mag fields
  • ferromagnetic - pronounced magnetic properties
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10
Q

reflection generates seismic waves and measures time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers

A

seismic reflection

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11
Q

body waves

A

P-waves

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12
Q

surface waves

A

S-wave

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13
Q

wave emanating from the surface reaches a boundary between two media that have different acoustic independence, some of the energy is reflected back into the upper medium and some may bre fefracted along the interface between two media or to low medium

A

reflection seismology

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14
Q

ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave

A

reflection coefficient

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15
Q

travel time from the surface to reflector and back

A

two way time

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16
Q

electro-hydraulic vibrator, sweep frequency waveform of several seconds, long sinusoidal wave train may exceed 10 milliseconds, 6-60hz

A

vibroseis

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17
Q

generates a sharp pulse with a very wide bandwidth, land source, 5-50 lbs charges, drilled holes to base of weathered layer (30-60 ft)

A

dynamite source

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18
Q

land, electromechanical transducer w/ moving coil

A

geophones

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19
Q

airgun, bubble pulse successive smaller pulses after main source wavelet, use tuned air guns, water gun source

A

marine sources

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20
Q

water, pressure sensitive hydrophone, piezoelectric effect produce voltage proportional to seismic pressure wave, +ve voltage output when pressure applied = -ve amplitude

A

hydrophone

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21
Q

an energy pulse is sent to the subsurface layers and reflected waves are picked by the hydrophones contained in a streamer towed by the survey vessel

A

Seismic 2D survey

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22
Q

a multi-streamer array is towed by the seismic ship, acquiring overlapping swaths of data over the entire survey area

A

seismic 3D survey

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23
Q

waves that induces changes in volume and shape of a body

A

p-waves

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24
Q

waves that induces changes in the shape of the body but not the volume

A

s-waves

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25
measure of compressability, stress-strain ration for hydrostatic pressure
bulk modulus
26
rigidity, stress-strain ratio for shear deformation
shear modulus
27
normal polarity
``` increase impedance (peak or positive) decrease impedance (trough or negative) ```
28
seismic response to impedance contrast accross geological boundaries
reflections
29
impedance contrast depends on
stacking and migration
30
cases where 2D data are used
``` frontier area old pools difficult terrain tie lines testing new seismic acquisition ```
31
formation tops or sequence boundaries or unconformities
horizons
32
displacement along a shear surface
fault
33
indication of faults
reflection cut-offs changes in amplitude or reflection character fault-plane reflectors linear amplitude anomalies on timesclices
34
on what direction is best to pick a fault
dip direction
35
direction of line formed by intersection of inline plane with imaginary horizontal plane
strike
36
angle of inclined plane below imaginary plane measured perpendicular to the strike
dip angle
37
a character of a group of reflections involving the general amplitude, abundance, continuity, and configuration of reflections
seismic facies
38
hollow steel tube with a roatting bit on the end
drill string
39
how many rotating cones does a common bit have?
3
40
pumped out at the drill string, squirting out through nozzles in the bit and flowing up to the surface between the drill string and the wall of the hole
mud or water
41
circulations of the drilling mud functions as:
- removes rock cuttings from the bit - removes cavings from the borehole - it keeps the bit cool - it keeps the hole safe
42
uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling
gusher
43
a series of valves used as a sealing to the well to prevent gushing
blow out preventors (BOP)
44
a square section steel member hanging that is suspended vertically on the kelly bushing
kelly
45
a square hole in the center of the rotary drill
kelly bushing
46
drilling unit used at water depths up to 100 m, derrick is mounted on a flat bottom barge fitted with legs that can be raised or lowered
jack-up rigs
47
platforms mounted on hallow caissons which can be flooded with sea water and can be sunk to sea bed suitable for shallow water
submersible unit
48
derrick is mounted amidships and the ship kept on location using anchors or propellers
drill ship
49
floating platforms having three or more floodable caisson legs and stabilized with the aid of anchors or flooding of the legs with the rotary table 30m or so above the sea, self-propelled or towed from one location to another
semi-submersible unit
50
vertical assembly of valves with gauges and chokes that allow for adjustments in flow control as well as injections to stimulate production.
Christmas tree
51
installed at the well head or down hole pump installation, if the reservoir is too low
nodding donkey
52
production facilities
floating buoy floating production platforms fixed production platforms
53
well log or wire line
wireline geophysical well log
54
provide early warnings of rock type, HC saturation and potential perilous zones
MWD - measurement while drilling
55
data read while LWD tools are still in the borehole
real time data
56
complete measurement results, which are downloaded from LWD tools after they are pulled out of hole
memory data
57
study of fossil pollen
palynology
58
study of microfossils such as forams and cocolithophores
micropaleontology
59
operational uses of biostratigraphy
1. geological monitoring 2. horizon/zone identification (geostopping) 3. biosteering
60
exploration processes
1. basin analysis 2. exploration play area definition 3. prospect evaluation 4. drillable prospect evaluation 5. drilling of exploration well
61
group of plays within a given geographical area having a common source rock
petroleum system
62
geographically and sratigraphically delimited area where common geological factors exist in order that petroleum accumulation can occur
play
63
a trap with reservoir rock in which HC have been predicted to exist
prospect
64
a hint that a potential is present, data is not sufficient to fully map it
lead
65
area within the basin where the specific geological attributes necessary for the existence of a HC accumulation exist
play fairway
66
those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recovered from known accumulations from a given date forward
reserves
67
quantities of petroleum which are estimated, on a given date, to be potentially recoverable from known accumulations from a given date forwa, but which are not currently considered to be commercially recoverable
contingent resources
68
quantities of petroleum which are estimated, on a given date, to be potentially recoverable from undiscovered accumulations
perspective resources
69
refers to the total amount of oil present in the field before production has started
STOOIP (stock tank oil originally in place)
70
STOOIP formula
STOOIP = rock volume x net to gross factor x porosity x oil/gas saturation divided by oil formation volume factor
71
hydrocarbon expand as they are produced because surface pressures are lower than reservoir pressures, which increases the recoverable reserves
remember
72
no. of wells drilled from 1973-2018
281
73
most prolific well in the phiippines
NW Palawan
74
1st well to be drilled in the Philippines?
Toledo-1 well in cebu, 1986
75
contract area of PD no. 87?
OFFSHORE - 800-15,00 sq km | ONSHORE - 500-7,500 sq km
76
contract term of PD no. 87
7 yrs - exploration + 3 yrs extension | 25 yrs - production + 15 yrs extension
77
government share in the PD no. 87
60%
78
malampaya already produced ?
60% (1.94 Tcf) of its total capacity
79
total oil production of the philippines
76.7 MMbbls
80
total condensates produce by the philippines
75 MMbbls
81
total gas produced by the philippines
1.94 Tcf
82
Ways to view 3D seismic data
- inline - crossline - arbitrary line - timeslice
83
Identifying horizons and fault
Sesimic interpretation
84
Recorded curve from a single seismograph when measuring ground movement
Seismic trace
85
Tracking fault surfaces on individual lines from 2D to 3D
Fault picking

petroleum geology (3 decks)

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