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MBOD Block 4 Review > Petri Guide > Flashcards

Petri Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of bond hols the fatty acid onto sphingolipids?

A

Amide only (note the initial acyl group is reduced, so no acyl groups in this molecule)

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2
Q

What 3 lipids are typically found on the outer leaflet?

A
  1. Sphingomyelin
  2. Phophatidylcholine
  3. Glycolipids (A,B,O bloodtype)
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3
Q

What 3 phospholipids can be make by headgroup activation and what is special about this group of phospholipids?

A
  1. PC
  2. PS
  3. PE

*They can be interconverted
PE –> PC, via 3 SAM
PE –> PS, via simple exchange
PS –> PE, via decarboxylation

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4
Q

What do you get when you use phospholipase A1 on a phospholipid?

A
  • Saturated fatty acid

- glycerol + C2 UNsaturated FA + C3 phosphate and headgroup

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5
Q

What do you get when you use phospholipase A2 on a phospholipid?

A
  • UNaturated fatty acid

- glycerol + C1 Saturated FA + C3 phosphate and headgroup

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6
Q

What do you get when you use Phospholipase C on a phospholipid?

A
  • DAG

- phosphate-Headgroup

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7
Q

What do you get when you used phospholipase D on a phospholipid?

A
  • Phosphatidic Acid

- Headgroup

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8
Q

What phospholipase turns phosphatidylcholine into arachnidonic acid?

A

Phospholipase A2

** This reaction is used in Eicosonoid Synthesis for prostagladins, leukotrienes etc.

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9
Q

What two precursors can be reacted to get cardiolipin?

A
  • CDP-DAG

- Phosphatidylglycerol

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10
Q

Where are p450 proteins located?

A
  1. Cytosolic Side of ER

2. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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11
Q

What protein works with the p450s on the cytosolic side of the ER?

A
  • NAPH Cytochrome p450 Reductase (FAD and FMN)
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12
Q

What proteins work with p450s on the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A
  1. Ferrodoxin Reductase (FAD)

2. Ferrodoxin (Fe/S)

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13
Q

What is cytochrom b5?

A

small membrane bound heme-containing protein that gets electrons from NADH and gives them to p450s

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14
Q

What phase of drug metabolism are p450s involved in?

A

Phase I

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15
Q

What does ACTH do to p450s?

A

-Induces Steriod Biosynthetic p450s by cAMP cascade

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16
Q

What does clofibrate do to p450s?

A
  • peroxisome proliferator, CYP4A1 induced
17
Q

What p450 is induced by Aromatic Hydrocarbons?

A

CYP2E1

18
Q

What CYP is induced by Alcohol?

A

CYP2E

19
Q

How would you monitor CYP activity in someone?

A
  • measure the amount of byproduct being excreted as a result of the CYP doing detoxification
20
Q

Where is CYP3A4 found and what does it do?

A

Found in liver, detoxifies ~120 drugs

*NOT prone to polymorphisms

21
Q

What does CYP2A6 do?

A

detoxifies 1/4 of the drugs we take in

*PRONE to polymorphisms

22
Q

What p450 works on cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

CYP51

23
Q

T or F: triazole affects mostly CYP51 in fungi but it also acts on human CYP3A4 to an extent.

A

True

24
Q

Does glucagon affect muscle and fat?

If so How?

A
  • ONLY affects fat

- Turns on HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE

25
Q

When you run out of glycogen what is the next source for gluconeogensis?

A

AMINO acids from protein breakdown

26
Q

What enzymes are present in the liver that allow it to make ketone bodies?

A

HMG CoA synthase

HMG lyase

27
Q

What enzyme is lacking in the liver that prevents it from doing ketone body synthesis?

A

Succinyl CoA - AOA CoA transferase

28
Q

Why does high NADH keep cause shunting of Acetyl CoA to ketone body synthesis?

A
  • High NADH leads to OAA getting converted to malate via malate dehydrogenase
  • without OAA to react with Acetyl CoA is transferred to Ketone body production
29
Q

What is responsible for aiding in the addition of ApoE and ApoCII to the nascent chylomicron

A

HDLs

30
Q

What are the 3 fates of FACoA?

A

Energy - beta oxidation and ketogenesis
Membrane lipid formation - phospholipids and sphingolipids
Storage- TAGs

31
Q

What are the 4 steps in fatty acid oxidation and what enzymes catalyze these reactions?

A
  1. oxidation: FACoA dehydrogenase
  2. Hydration: Fatty enoyl CoA Hydratase
  3. oxidaiton: ß-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase
  4. Cleavage: ß-ketoacyl thiolase

**Think about whats happening…

32
Q

What enzyme is involved anytime there is a double bond that needs to be fixed so ß-oxidation can proceed?

A

enoyl CoA isomerase

33
Q

For conjugated double bonds what enzymes are needed to allow ß-oxidation to proceed?

A

2,4 dienoyl CoA Reductase - REQUIRES NADPH

enoyl CoA isomerase to move the bond back between alpha and beta

34
Q

What reaction allows for oxidation of odd chain and branch chain fatty acid oxidation?

A

Propionyl CoA carboxylase

  • Adds HCO3- using ATP energy
  • Has biotin as a cofactor

***Note succinyl CoA mutase actually ends up making the succinate

35
Q

What does the presence of dicarboxylic acids in the urine indicate?

A
  • Omega oxidation is taking place

- MCFA’s are building up (most likely there is an associated pathology)

36
Q

What enzyme turns pyruvate to OAA?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

37
Q

What are the 4 regulators of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A
  1. Insulin (+)
  2. Citrate (+)
  3. Palmitoyl CoA (-)
  4. AMP-activated PK (-)
38
Q

Where are FAs sent in order to get longer?

A

ER

MBOD Block 4 Review (1 decks)

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