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Pigs, Poulry, Camelids, Goats > Pet Pigs > Flashcards

Pet Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What legal documentation do pet pig owners need? (5)

A
  • County Parish holding (CPH) number from Rural Payments Agency (RPA)
  • Inform APHA there are pigs on premises WITHIN 30 DAYS of first pig arriving
  • Issued herd mark (1/2 letters + 4 digits)
  • Pigs must be identifiable if being moved (tag/tattoo/mark)
    Approved licence from APHA to walk pig outside of premises
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2
Q

How should a pig healthy pig walk (distance exam)?

A

Stand/walk with straight/slight dorsal curve to spine

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3
Q

What does excessive hunching suggest?

A

Lameness, skeletal or abdominal pain

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4
Q

What does hypothermia suggest in pigs?

A

Terminally ill or have renal or hepatic failure

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5
Q

What mucous membranes can you assess in the pig?

A

Oral, vulva and ocular

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6
Q

What can jaunduce suggest? (3)

A
  • Postweaning multisystemic syndrome
  • Hepatic cirrhosis
  • Leptospire icterohaemorrhagiae
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7
Q

What clinical signs are suggestive of mites?

A

Pruritis, erythema, thickened and crusty skin

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8
Q

What does breathing with increased loudness ventrally suggest?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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9
Q

What does breathing with increased loudness dorsally suggest?

A

Pleural effusion

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10
Q

What does open mouth breathing suggest?

A

Severe pneumonia/porcine stress syndrome

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11
Q

What pathogens cause atrophic rhinitis?

A

Bordatella brontiseptica and pasteurella

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?

A

Sneezing, bloody nose, distortion of nose, nose bleeds

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13
Q

How would you treat atrophic rhinitis?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Increase humidity
  • NSAIDs
  • Vaccination (prevention)
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14
Q

What pathogen causes porcine pleuropneumonia?

A

Actinobacillus (APP: actinobacillus porcine pleuropneumonia)

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15
Q

What pathogens usually cause pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma and pasteurella

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of APP (actinobacillus porcine pleuropneumonia)?

A
  • Sudden death
  • Coughing
  • Pyrexia
  • Lethargy
  • Sometimes no CS with a carrier status
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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of pneumonia?

A
  • coughing
  • Lethargy
  • Pyrexia
  • Difficulty breathing
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18
Q

What do clumped and dark faeces suggest?

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

What do watery faeces suggest?

A

Infectious enteritis/colitis

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20
Q

What does dark, black faeces suggest?

A

Melaena

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21
Q

What does scant faeces suggest?

A

Intestinal obstruction

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22
Q

What are the top differentials if fluid/gas is ballotted/percussed in the abdomen?

A
  • Obstruction
  • Entrapments
  • Volvulus
  • Gastroenteritis
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23
Q

What are the risk factors for GI e.coli/colibacillosis infection?

A
  • Feed/water contmination
  • FPT
  • Young pigs/neonates
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24
Q

What is the treatment for E.coli/Colibacillosis?

A

Antibiotics +/- fluids and supportive care

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25
Q

Which age of pig are most commonly affected by salmonella/enterocolitis?

A

Weaners

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26
Q

Clinical signs of Salmonella typhimuurium/Choleraesuis?

A
  • D++ (+/- blood and mucus)
  • Pyrexia
  • Lethargy
  • Sepsis signs
  • Discolouration of extremities
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27
Q

How is Salmonella typhimuurium/Choleraesuis transmitted?

A

Contamination of waste feed
Pig-to-pig spread

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28
Q

Why must humans take care if an infection of Salmonella typhimuurium/Choleraesuis is confirmed?

A

Zoonotic

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29
Q

How would you treat Salmonella typhimuurium/Choleraesuis?

A

Antibiotics +/- fluids and supportive care

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30
Q

What can cause constipation?

A

Foreign body, reduced water intake

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31
Q

How can you treat constipation?

A
  1. Increase water intake (fruits, flavoured water)
  2. Mineral oil/stool softener (do not force as risk of aspiration)
  3. Enemas
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32
Q

What should you do if a GI foreign body is suspected?

A

Image +/- surgery

33
Q

Name 3 pathogens that can cause embolic nephritis?

A

○ Actinobacillus suis
○ Streptococcus suis
○ Streptococci
○ Staphylococci
○ E.coli
○ Erysipelothrix rhusopatuae
T.pyogenes

34
Q

What can cause interstitial nephritis?

A

Leptospirosis and PCV2 infection

35
Q

What urinary parasites can pigs get and how are they transmitted?

A

Stephanurus dentatus
Infective larvae enter when swallowed or by skin penetration. Eggs shed in urine

36
Q

What is lameness associated with in pigs?

A
  • Floor conditions
  • Trauma and fractures
  • Infections (arthritis, abscesses, tendonitis, osteomyelitis)
  • Overgrown feet
  • Heels/claws and wear conformation
  • Osteochondrosis/osteoarthropathy
37
Q

What musculotskeletal condition is most common in young pigs and what are the risk factors?

A

Purulent arthritis
- poor mothering
- poor milk supply
- poor colostral antibody protection/agalactia
- carpal joint skin lesions
- foot lesions associated with poor flooring
- Poor management: bad hygiene, improper cleaning, no all-in all-out system

38
Q

What are the treatment options for fractures in pigs?

A
  • NSAIDs (pain management)
  • referral surgery for pins, screws and plates but this is wieght/signalment dependent
39
Q

What clinical signs are associated with lameness on a clinical exam?

A
  • Limbs: swelling, erosions, bleeding
  • Feet: erosion, hoof damage
40
Q

What does a response to pinching of the claw indicate?

A

abscess, infection or trauma

41
Q

What does inflammation/vesicles around the coronary band indicate?

A

Irritants/viral vesicular disease

42
Q

What is the treatment for arthritis?

A
  • NSAIDs +/- antibiotics (if infection)
  • Weight loss if required
  • Nursing care: soft surface/deep bedding
  • Pain management
  • Euthanasia if severe
43
Q

How if tetanus transmitted? What are the clinical signs? What is the treatment?

A
  1. Clostridium tetani enter through punctures wounds/bites
  2. Sudden/fatal infection
  3. Tetanus antitoxin + antibiotics (give after every procedure) and vaccination
44
Q

What can you use to cut tusks and how short should you cut them?

A

Embryotomy wire, dental drill, motor driven cutting disk
Cut 1cm from gingiva

45
Q

What are the general clinical signs associated with CNS conditions? (list 5 minimum)

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Depresssion
  • Ataxia/lack of coordination
  • Abnormal sitting/dog sitting/posture changes
  • Head tilt
  • Abnormal gait
  • Circling
  • Abnormal eye movement (nystagmus)
  • Seizures
46
Q

What pathogens can cause bacterial meningitis and which pigs are more susceptible?

A
  • Strep, salmonella, E.coli
  • Younger pigs more common
47
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial meningitis?

A
  • Antibiotics, +/- fluid therapy, +/- NSAIDs
48
Q

What risks factors can cause heat stress in pigs and what are the clinical signs associated?

A

Hot/humid conditions as cannot sweat
Depression, inactive, unresponsive

49
Q

How do you treat heat stress and how to prevent it? What indicates that the prognosis is grave?

A
  • Slow cooling: wet towels that are replaced, cool fluids
  • Nursing care: monitor feed/water intake
  • Prevent by providing wallowing holes and shade
  • Grave prognosis = low temp before cooling
50
Q

What causes salt poisoning in pigs?

A
  1. No water for extended period then sudden water intake
  2. High volume high salt diet (less common cause)
51
Q

What are the clinical signs of salt poisoning?

A
  • Seizures
  • Walking aimlessly
  • Blindness
  • Abnormal sitting
52
Q

How do you treat salt poisoning?

A
  • GRADUAL rehydration
  • Reduce brain swelling
53
Q

How do you treat dry skin?

A
  • Apply moistening lotions including aloe vera
  • Supplement feed with oils (monitor calorie intake)
  • Remove large flakes with wet towel
  • Provide wallowing hole
54
Q

What causes mange and what are the clinical signs?

A

Sarcoptic mites.
- Itching
- Scratching
- Open sores
- Licking

55
Q

How do you treat mange?

A

Avermectin - may need 2nd treatment
Change bedding and disinfect

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of sunburn?

A
  • Weakness
  • Paralysis in hindlimbs (pot-bellied pigs)
  • Pain
57
Q

How do you treat sunburn?

A
  • Sun cream
  • Shelter
  • NSAIDs
58
Q

What are the clinical signs of erysipelas and how do you treat it?

A

CS: diamond skin lesions +/- arthritis
Treatment: Penicillin

59
Q

What should be palpated in a repro exam on a male pig and what are normal findings?

A
  • Scrotum, testis and epididymis
  • Normal = symmetric scrotum and testis, firm but not hard/nodular. Smelly fluid from preputial diverticulum can be normal
60
Q

What does asymmetry/softening of the scrotum/testis indicate?

A

Testicular degeneration

61
Q

What does purulent/haemorrhagic fluid from preputial diverticulum indicate?

A

Infection/abscess

62
Q

When do pot bellied pigs enter puberty and when is it recommended to castrate pigs?

A

Puberty @ 3 months (4-6months more common), castrate before puberty
- Early = 10-14days

63
Q

Describe the technique used for surgical castration in pigs.

A
  1. Lateral recumbency - injectable anaesthesia
  2. Local anaesthetic and manual restraint - careful of lidocaine toxicity
  3. 4-6cm inscision cranioventral scrotum
  4. Pull testis out of scrotum, remain in vaginal tunic, strip away fat and soft tissue using swab
  5. Check for inguinal hernia
  6. Tunic/chord twisted continuously untill all tightly compressed to level of external inguinal ring
  7. Clamp cord to make crush bed or with emasculator, Place transfixing ligature (absorbable) around tunic and spermatic cord
  8. Clamp/emasculator placed distally to ligature, place a circumferential ligature, cut cord with scalpel
  9. Release clamp and assess stump for bleeding, skin left unclosed
  10. Post-op: clean/dry bedding, antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin), NSAIDs (meloxicam, ketoprofen)
64
Q

What do you commonly see on clinical exam after farrowing?

A

Haematoma and cellulitis

65
Q

What clinical signs often indicate abortion/dystocia?

A

Haemorrhagic, purulent or necrotic vaginal discharge in pregnant sows

66
Q

What can abnormal discharge after farrowing indicate?

A

Retained placenta, metritis, retained foetus

67
Q

How can we induce parturition?

A
  • PG2a: increase uterine contractility
  • Oxytocin: decrease dispersions between births
  • Give PG2a day 111-112, give oxytocin 20-24hrs later, labour should begin within 3 hours
68
Q

How long should you wait before examining a farrowing sow? When does the neonatal mortality rate increase?

A
  1. > 1 hour between piglets
  2. Farrowing lasts >4hrs in total
69
Q

What is recommended for the sow after farrowing?

A

Walking sow encourages urination and defecation and increases appetite

70
Q

What are the considerations should you asses before surgery?

A
  • Different breeds – Vietnamese potbellied, New Zealand Kunekunes
  • Smaller
  • Brachycephalic
  • Potbellies = More susceptible to inguinal hernias
  • Fatter
  • Reduced airway size
    Testicular palpation can be difficult
71
Q

How long should you fast adults and piglets for before sedation?

A
  • Adults: 6-12 hours
  • Piglets: 1-3 hours
  • Water available
72
Q

Give 2 sedation protocols and what can be given as top ups?

A

IM Sedation
Protocol 1:
- Ketamine (5mg/kg)
- Butorphanol (0.1-0.2mg/kg)
- Xylazine (1-3mg/kg)

Protocol 2:
- Ketamine (5-10mg/kg)
- Butorphanol (0.1-0.2mg/kg)
- Detomidine (50-100ug)
Top-ups: ketamine or A-2 agonist

73
Q

Where is best to gain IV access for anaesthesia and what are the other options if this location is not attainable?

A
  1. Marginal ear vein (avoid central auricular vessels)
    Other options:
    - Jugular vein
    - Cephalic vein
    - Lateral saphenous over hock
    - Medila saphenous on inside of thigh
74
Q

List 3 complications of anaesthesia in pigs

A
  • Airway obstruction
  • Malignant hyperthermia
  • Delayed recovery as cannot use reversal agents
75
Q

How regularly should you worm pigs and what anthelmintics can you use?

A

4-6 monthly
- Avermectin: covers mange
- Benzimidazoles

76
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for erysipelas?

A
  • All ages of pig
  • Initial course of 2 injections
  • 6 monthly booster
  • Does not protect against lameness associated with condition
77
Q

What do you need to vaccinate breeding sows and gilts for?

A
  • Parvovirus
  • Piglet enteritis/E.coli
  • PMWS and PCV-2
78
Q

When should you vaccinate for parvovirus? What are the telltale signs of parvovirus?

A

Vaccinate before breeding
- small litter numbers/mummified foetuses

79
Q

When should you vaccinate for piglet enteritis/E.coli?

A

Vaccinate dam 3-6wks before farrowing

Pigs, Poulry, Camelids, Goats (1 decks)

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